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THE HEART, BLOOD PRESSURE, BLOOD VESSELS - Coggle Diagram

- - - - l. atrium: filled by p. veins
        
        foramen ovale: hole that connects l & r atrium, closes as you age, forming what is called the fossa ovalis
        
        pulmonary veins: empties oxygenated blood into the l atrium, coming from the lungs
        
        bicuspid/mitral valve: left AV, separates the l atrium from l ventricle
      - r. atrium: filled by three major vessels
        
        superior vena cava (SVC): brings blood from head, neck & upper limbs
        
        coronary sinus: takes blood from myocardium of the heart & returning it back to r. atrium
        
        inferior vena cava (IVC): brings blood from the diagram & lower appendages
        
        SA node: pacemaker of the heart
        
        tricuspid valve: right AV, separates the r atrium from the r ventricle
    - - right ventricle: pumps blood into pulmonary circuit
        
        pulmonary trunk: splits into the l. & r. pulmonary arteries
        
        p. arteries: pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
        
        pulmonary (semilunar) valve: separates r ventricle from p. trunk
      - left ventricle: thicker because of increase pressure
        
        aortic (semilunar) valve: separates l. ventricle from aorta
        
        aorta: pumps oxygenated blood to body
        
        aortic arch: spilts into three vessels
        
        left subclavian artery
        
        left common carotid artery
        
        brachiocephalic: splits into the r. common carotid artery & r. subclavian artery
  - - - chordae tendineae: prevents backflow, collagen cord that attach to the cusp of the valves, anchoring them in a taut position
        
        papillary muscles: muscles that attach to chordae tendineae to anchor them down
  - - - epicardium: visceral layer of the serous pericardium
      - pericardial cavity: made up of serous fluid
      - middle: thickest
        
        deep
        
        endocardium: inner lining of heart, epithelial tissue with areolar connective tissue underneath
        
        myocardium: cardiac muscle tissue
      - parietal layer of serous pericardium
      - fibrous pericardium: anchors & protects the heart, & prevents it from overfilling w blood; made up of dense fibrous irregular connective tissue
- - - - contractile cells: pushes blood out the heart; composed of actin, myosin, troponin, tropomysin
        
        sarcoplasmic reticulum
      - nodal cells: non-contractile cells; generate automaticity
        
        SA (sinoatrial) node: pacemaker, sets the sinus rhythm; 60-80 beats per min, sends signal from r. atrium to l. atrium via Bachman's bundle
        
        internodal pathway: connects SA to the AV node
        
        AV (atrioventricular) node: connects atrium to ventricle, runs from the r. atrium to interventricular septum; delays signal by 0.1 sec
        
        AV (atrioventricular) bundle: conducts into the r. & l. bundle branch
        
        bundle branches: conducts it into myocardium
        
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        delay gives time for atria to finish contracting, before ventricles contract
        
        takes longer because of low number of gap junctions and smaller diameter
        
        sinus rhythm: the pace of the heart without autonomic interference
        
        resting membrane potential: about -60 mV
        
        leaky sodium channels: -60 mV; allows little Na+ to leak into the cell, cells slowly becomes positive
        
        t-type Ca+ channels: opens at about -55 mV; Ca+ slowly flows into the cell, membrane potential becomes more positive
        
        threshold potential: about -40 mV
        
        L-type Ca+ channels: opens at -40 mV; sodium quickly flows into cell, cell quickly becomes positive
        
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- - - - hypercalcemia: increase HR & contractility
        
        hyperkalemia: alters electrical activity, which can lead to heart black & cardiac arrest
        
        hypokalemia: heart beats feebly & arrhythmically
  - - - hypertension: increases afterload, thus increasing ESV & decreasing SV
    - - venous return: amount of blood returning to the heart; anything that increases VR increases EDV, thus increasing SV & contraction force
- - - - NE/EPI: raises HR & blood volume (CO), and blood resistance (pressure)
      - ANP: decreases bp
      - ADH: decreases urine output, increases blood volume & increases bp
    - - baro-receptors: found in carotid, aorta, & other larger arteries in neck; pressure stretches material walls and opens mechanically-gated sodium channels; higher the pressure the more action potentials; adapt
      - chemoreceptors
      - medullary
      - higher brain centers
  - - - intrinsic: autoregulation
      - extrinsic:m
- - - - precapillary sphinters: smooth muscle that wraps around arterioles, sympathetic innervation causes constriction
  - - - varicose veins: dilated veins due to leaky valves; elevated venous pressure
  - - - fenestration pores: allows larger particle to leak out, but no RBCs
    - - form BBB, where they lack intercellular clefts, instead they have tight junctions between endothelium layer
      - pericytes: regulate & maintain endothelial cells, signal to form tight junctions
    - - true capillaries: 10-100 exchange vessels