Cardiovascular System Aubrey Menchaca P: 5
ABO, Rh blood types
Major components and functions of blood
Major functions of the cardiovascular system
Layers of the heart
Anatomy of the heart
Blood flow through the heart and body
Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types
Cardiac Cycle and the ECG
Vital Signs
Major blood vessels
Disorders of the cardiovascular system
Transport
Delivering o2 and nutrients to body
Transport wastes to lungs and kidneys for elimination
Transport hormones from endocrine organs to target organs
Regulation
Maintain body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat
Maintain normal pH using buffers
Maintain adequate fluid volume in circulatory system
Protection
Prevent infection
Prevent blood loss
immunity carried in blood ( antibodies, complement proteins, white blood cells
Composition
Erythrocytes - contribute to gas transport ( 45% of whole blood )
Leukocytes - function in defense against disease ( 1% of total blood volume )
Plasma - nonliving matrix fluid ( 55% of whole blood )
Platelets - involved in blood clotting process and form temporary platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels
Tachycardia - Abnormally fast heart beat which can lead to fibrillation
Congestive heart failure - co is so low that blood circulation is inadequate to meet tissue needs
Thromboembolic -
Bradycardia - heart rate slower than 60 beats / min and may result in grossly inadequate blood circulation in non athletes
clot formation. Anticoagulant drugs used to prevent this clotting are Aspirin, Heparin, and Warfarin
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Pulmonary trunk
Right ventricle
Pulmonary artery
Tricuspid valve
Lungs which oxygenate blood
Right atrium
Superior and Inferior vena cava
Deoxygenated blood from the body
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Blood flow in order
Bicuspid valve
Aortic semilunar valve
Left ventricle
Into the body where process repeats
Aorta
Endocardium - Innermost layer ; is continous with endothelial lining of blood vessels and lines the heart chambers
Myocardium - Circular or spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells
Coverings of the heart
Epicardium - Visceral layer of serous pericardium
Parietal layer lines internal surface of fibrous pericardium
Visceral layer on external surface of heart
Pericardium - double-walled sac which surrounds heart
Surface Features
Atrium - Receiving chambers
Internal Features ( four chambers )
Two superior atria ( atriums )
Two inferior ventricles
Interatrial septum - separates atria
Interventricular septum - separates ventricles
Anterior interventricular sulcus - goes diagonally
Posterior interventricular sulcus - goes vertically
Coronary Sulcus ( groove )
Right atrium - receives deoxygenated blood from body
Left atrium - receives oxygenated blood from body
Auricles - appendages that increase atrial volume
Superior vena cava - returns blood from the body regions above the diaphragm
Inferior vena cava - returns blood from body regions below the diaphragm
Ventricles - The discharging chambers
Left ventricle - posterior surface ( pumps blood into aorta )
Trabeculae carneae - Irregular ridges of muscle on ventricular walls
Right ventricle - most of anterior surface ( pumps blood into pulmonary trunk )
Papillary muscles - project intoventricular cavity and anchors chordae tendineae that are attached to heart valves
Heart Valves
Ensure blood flow through heart
open and close in response to pressure change
Atrioventricular valves - located between atria and ventricles
Semilunar valves - located between ventricles and major arteries
Atrioventricular Valves
Tricuspid valve - made up of three cusps and lies between right atria and ventricle
Mitral valve ( bicuspid ) - made up of two cusps and lies between left atria and ventricle
Chordae Tendineae - anchor cusps of AV valves to papillary muscles
Semilunar Valves
Pulmonary semilunar valve - located between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Aortic semilunar valve - located between left ventricle and aorta
Prevent back flow from major arteries back into ventricles
Electrocardiography
Mechanical events of heart
Sequence of excitation - cardiac pacemaker cells pass impulses, in following order, across heart
Regulation of pumping
3. Atrioventricular bundle
4. Right and left bundle branches
2. Atrioventricular node
5. Subendocardial conducting network
1. Sinoatrial node
pacemaker of heart in right atrial wall and generates impulse
in inferior interatrial septum
In superior interventricular septum and connection between atria and ventricles
Two pathways in interventricular septum and carry impluse towards apex of heart
complete pathway through interventricular septum into apex and ventricular walls
Electrocardiograph - can detect electrical currents generated by heart
Electrocardiogram ( ECG or EKG ) - Record electrical activity and 12 lead is most typical for ECG
QRS complex - ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
T wave - Ventricular repolarization
P-R interval - beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation
P wave - depolarization of SA node and atria
S-T segment - entire ventricular myocardium depolarized
Q-T interval - beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization
Diastole - period of heart relaxation
Cardiac cycle - blood flow through heart during one complete heartbeat
Systole - period of heart contraction
cardiac output - amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute
Stroke volume - volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle with each beat. correlates with force of contraction
Capillaries
Blood Vessels
Veins
Arteries
Carry blood away from heart
carry blood toward heart
Muscular arteries - elastic arteries give rise to distributing arteries by delivering blood
Arterioles - smallest of all arteries
venules - consist of endothelium and a few pericytes
formation begins when capillary beds unite in post capillary venules and merge into larger veins
direct contact with tissue cells
microscopic vessels ; so small only a single RBC can pass at a time
delivery system of dynamic structures that begins and ends at heart
Structure of blood vessel wall - all consist of lumen, central blood-containing space, surrounded by a wall
2. Tunica media
3. Tunica externa
1. Tunica intima
innermost layer that is in intimate contact with blood
endothelium - simple squamous epithelium lines lumen of all vessels
subendothelial layer - connective tissue basement layer
Middle layer composed of smooth muscles and sheets of elastin
vasoconstriction - decreased lumen diameter
vasodilation - increased lumen diameter
outermost layer of wall
composed of loose collagen fibers that protect and reinforce
exchange gas, nutrients, wastes, hormones
Hypertension - elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 mm hg or higher
Systolic pressure - pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction
Diastolic pressure - lowest level of aortic pressure when heart is at rest
Pulse - throbbing of arteries due to difference in pulse pressures, which can be felt under skin
Blood pressure - force per unit area exerted on wall of blood vessel by blood and expressed in mm hg
Hypotension - low blood pressure below 90/60mm hg and often associated with long life and lack of cardiovascular illness
Circulatory shock - blood vessels inadequately fill and cannot circulate blood normally
Pulse and blood pressure, along with respiratory rate and body temperature
A- donors - 0-
A+ donors - A-,O-,O+
B+ donors - B-,O-,O+
O- donors - none
AB- donors - A-,B-,O-
O+ donors - O-
AB+ donors - AB-,A-,A+,B-,B+,O-,O+
Universal donor - O-
Walls of all vessels, except capillaries, have three layers, or tunics
Tunica intima - innermost layer and is continous with endocardium
All blood vessels consist of lumen, central blood-circulating space, surrounded by a wall
Tunica externa - outermost layer of wall composed of loose collagen fibers that protect and reinforce
Tunica media - middle layer composed of smooth muscles and sheets of elastin. This controls vasoconstriction and vasodilation
Delivers oxygen and nutrients to body cells
Transports metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys
Transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs
Blood flow - blood flowing through vessel, organ, or entire circulation in given period
systemic blood pressure - pumping action of heart generates blood flow. Highest in aorta and declines throughout pathway
Myocardial infarction ( heart attack ) - blood flow to part of the heart is blocked. Blood clot, obesity, and lack of exercise
Peripheral Artery Disease ( PAD ) - Arteries narrow and reduce blood flow to extremities.
Cerebrovascular Accident ( stroke ) - Blood flow to a portion of the brain is interrupted. Cause for this is blood clot in artery to the brain
Endocarditis and Myocarditis - Inflammation of the heart
Congenital heart disease - Issue with heart structure and / or function present from birth
Diastolic pressure - normally less than 80 mm hg and pressure when sounds disappear because artery no longer constricted
Systolic pressure - normally less than 120 mm hg pressure when sounds first occur as blood starts to spurt through artery
Anemia - blood has abnormally low o2 carrying capacity that is too low to support normal metabolism
Leukemia - cancerous condition involving overproduction of abnormal wbcs and without treatment it is fatal
Hemophilia - prolonged bleeding, especially into joint cavities