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respiratory system elizabeth gomez-barajas 2 period - Coggle Diagram
respiratory system elizabeth gomez-barajas 2 period
internal vs. external respiration
internal respiration
atmospheric pressure
pressure exerted by the air on all objects in contact with it; force that moves air into the lungs
surfactant
keeps the alveoli inflated, preventing collapse
maximal inspiration (a deep breath)
requires contraction of several other muscles (pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes) to enlarge the thoracic cavity even more
surface tension
between the 2 layers of the pleura, as the thoracic cavity expands the lungs expand with it
external respiration
forced expiration
results from the passive process of elastic recoil of the muscles and lung tissues and from the surface tension within the alveoli
normal expiration
allows for expiration of more than normal
aided by internal intercostal muscles and abdominal wall muscles which compress the rib cage and abdominal wall
layers of the pleurae
parietal pleura
outer layer; lines the thoracic cavity
serous fluid
lubricates the pleural cavity between the 2 layer
visceral pleura
inner layer; attached to the surface of each lung
right lung
larger then left lung
right lung has 3 lobes (superior, middle, and inferior) while left lung has 2 lobes (superior and inferior)
volume and pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
upper respiratory structures and functions
sinuses
sinuses open into the nasal cavity
serve as resonant chambers for the voice
air-filled spaces in the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones
pharynx (throat)
space behind oral and nasal cavities and larynx
3 subdivisions - nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx -
common passageway for air and food from nasal and oral cavities
nasal cavity
nasal conchae are scroll-shaped bones that divide the nasal cavity into passageways
divided medially by nasal septum, consisting of bone and cartilage
nose
support by bone and cartilage
nostrils contains coarse hairs, which prevent entry of particles
nostrils provide openings for entrance and exit air
major functions of the respiratory system
gas transport
in blood between lungs and blood
internal respiration
gas exchange between the blood and body cells
external respiration
the gas exchange between lungs and blood
cellular respiration
oxygen use by the cells, and production of carbon dioxide
ventilation (breathing)
the movement of air into and out of the lungs
mucous membranes
of bronchial tree filter, warm, and humidify incoming air
respiration
process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and cells
lower respiratory structures and functions
trachea
inner wall is lined with cilated mucous membrane with many goblet cells
wall is supported by 20 incomplete (c-shaped) cartilaginous rings that keep the airway open
bronchial tree
consists of branched, mucous membrane-lined tubular airways, leading from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs of the lungs called alveoli
larynx
larger cartilages of the larynx: thyroid cartilage (adam's apple)
houses the vocal cords
lungs
soft, spongy, cone-shaped organs of the respiratory system
seperated medially by the mediastinum and enclosed by the diaphragm and thoracic cage
occupy most of thoracic cavity
respiratory volumes and capacities
respiratory capacities
combinations of 2 or more respiratory volumes
inspiratory capacity (ic)
volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal, resting expiration
irv + tv (~3,500mL)
residual volume (rv)
volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration
average is ~1,200 mL; cannot be measured with a spirometer
functional residual capacity (frc)
volume of air that remains in lungs after a resting expiration
erv + rv (~2,300mL)
expiratory reserve volume (erv)
volume of air that can be exhaled during a maximal forced expiration, beyond the tidal volume
average is ~ 1,200 mL
vital capacity (vc)
maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maxiamal inspiration
tv + irv + erv (~4,600mL)
inspiratory reserve volume (irv)
volume of air that can be inhaled in addition to the tidal volume during forced inspiration
average is ~ 3,000mL
total lung capacity (tlc)
total volume of air the lungs can hold
vc + rv (~5,800mL); varies with age, gender, body size
tidal volume (tv)
volume of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle
average is ~ 500mL
anatomic dead space
the volume of air remaining in the bronchial tree that is not involved in gas exchange
disorders of the respiratory system
pneumonia
bacterial or viral infection of the lungs
symptoms- muscle ache, nausea, chills and fever
lung cancer
uncontrolled cell growth and development of tumors in the lungs
symptoms- weight loss, chest pain, recurrent cough
tuberculosis
bacterial infection in the respiratory system caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
symptoms- chest pain, shortness of breath, fever and fatigue
seasonal flu
a viral infection; there are many variations of this virus and it changes rapidly year to year which changes the severity of symptoms
symptoms- dry cough, congestion, nausea
copd
chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder; includes chronic bronchitis emphyseama, and asthma
symptoms - cough, infections,wheezing