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Civil Liberties - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Engel v. Vitale- The court/parents ruled that school-sponsored prayer was an unconstitutional violation of the Establishment clause since it was a religious activity orchestrated by government officials and used as part of a government program to advance religious beliefs.
      - Lee v. Weisman- In Rhode Island, Robert E. Lee, principal of a middle school, invited a rabbi to speak at his school’s graduation ceremony. After the graduation ceremony, Weisman filed for permanent injunction barring Lee and other school officials from inviting clergy to deliver invocations and benedictions at their schools ceremonies. When the Court of Appeals affirmed a District Court ruling against the schools, Lee appealed to the Supreme Court and was granted certiorari.
      - Santa Fe School Dist. v. Doe- Prior to 1995, a student elected as Santa Fe High School's student council chaplain delivered a prayer, described as overtly Christian, over the public address system before each home varsity football game. One Mormon and one Catholic family filed suit challenging this practice. While the suit was pending, the District adopted a new policy, which permitted, but did not require, student-initiated and student-led prayer at all the home games and which authorized two student elections, the first to determine whether "invocations" should be delivered at games, and the second to select the spokesperson to deliver them. The Court of Appeals held that, even as modified by the District Court, the football prayer policy was invalid. The District petitioned for a writ of certiorari, claiming its policy did not violate the Establishment Clause because the football game messages were private student speech, not public speech
      - Morse v. Fredrick- This argument was over the first amendment. There was a saying going around about “bongs for Jesus”. Basically students' expression was being violated in school.
      - Virginia v. Black- The 14th amendment was violated because “cross burning” was being threatened in a speech.
    - - Lukumi Babalu Aye v. Hialeah- The Free Exercise clause protects animal sacrifice that is performed in a religious sense/ritual unless the government can show a compelling counterargument.
    - - County of Allegheny v. ACLU- In Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania there were two holiday displays- one representing Christianity with a nativity scene and one representing Jewish with a Chanuakah menorah both outside the Allegheny County Courthouse. The question that was being argued was did the public displays violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.
  - - - Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier
      - U.S. v. Nixon
      - Hustler v. Falwell
    - - NY Times v. Sullivan
    - - Roth v. US
    - - Texas v. Johnson
      - Buckley v. Valeo
    - - Near v. Minnesota
      - Schenck v. US
      - Tinker v. Des Moines
      - Brandenburg v. Ohio
      - U.S. v. O'Brien
      - Grayned v. City of Rockford