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Gabriela Samson P:1 Respiratory System - Coggle Diagram
Gabriela Samson P:1 Respiratory System
Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
Inspiration: Air moves from higher to lower pressure
Atmospheric pressure: pressure exerted by the air on all
objects in contact with it; force that moves air into the lungs
Composed of inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation)
When pressure inside the lungs decreases below atmospheric pressure, air flows in from the atmosphere; this occurs during inspiration
Ventilation (breathing): movement of air from outside the body into the bronchial tree and alveoli, and back out
Increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity causes air pressure inside the lungs to decrease (an inverse relationship)
Lower respiratory structures and functions
Bronchial tree: Consists of branched, mucous membrane-lined tubular airways,leading from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs of the lungs, called alveoli
Primary bronchi: first branches of the bronchial tree; branch
directly off the trachea; each leads to a lung
Wall is supported by 20 incomplete (C-shaped) cartilaginous
rings that keep the airway open
Secondary bronchi: branches of the main bronchi; each enters a lobe of a lung
Cilia sweep mucus toward pharynx, where it is swallowed
Tertiary bronchi: branches of the lobar bronchi; each enters a
segment of a lung
Goblet cells product mucus, that traps incoming particles
Bronchioles: smaller tubular organs that branch off the
segmental bronchi
Inner wall is lined with ciliated mucous membrane with many
goblet cells
Terminal bronchioles: branches off larger bronchioles; smallest bronchioles that conduct air, without performing gas exchange
Splits into right and left primary bronchi
Respiratory bronchioles: branch off terminal bronchioles; contain alveoli, so can perform gas exchange
Trachea (windpipe): Cylindrical tube that extends downward anterior to the esophagus and into the thoracic cavity
Alveolar ducts: branch off respiratory bronchioles
During swallowing, the false vocal cords and epiglottis close off the glottis, to prevent food from entering the larynx
Alveolar sacs: branch off alveolar ducts; consist of air sacs called alveoli
Normally, epiglottis stands vertically, and allows air to enter
larynx
Alveoli: consist of simple squamous epithelium, which conducts rapid gas exchange between the air and blood with the associated capillaries; closely surrounded by extensive capillary
networks
flaplike epiglottis can cover the opening to the glottis
Lungs:Soft, spongy, cone-shaped organs of the respiratory system
The pharynx, oral cavity, tongue, and lips transform the sound into words
Separated medially by the mediastinum, and enclosed by the diaphragm and thoracic cage
Loudness of sound depends on the force of air moving through the vocal cords
Occupy most of thoracic cavity
Changing tension on the vocal cords controls pitch of sound
A primary bronchus and large blood vessels enter each lung on the medial surface
Air forced through the glottis vibrates vocal cords to produce
sound
The pleura: A double-layered serous membrane
During breathing, vocal cords relax and glottis is open
Visceral pleura: inner layer; attached to the surface of each lung
Glottis: true vocal cords and opening between them
Parietal pleura: outer layer; lines the thoracic cavity
Inside the larynx, 2 pairs of vocal folds, consisting of muscle and connective tissue, and covered with mucous membrane, extend from the walls:
Serous fluid lubricates the pleural cavity between the 2 layers
Larger cartilages of the larynx:Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)
Right lung is larger than left lung
Composed of a framework of muscles and cartilage bound by elastic tissue
Right lung has 3 lobes (superior, middle, and inferior), and left has 2 lobes (superior and inferior)
Houses the vocal cords
A secondary bronchus supplies each of the 5 lobes of the lungs
Helps keep particles from entering the trachea
Each lung contains air passages, alveoli, nerves, blood vessels,lymphatic vessels, and connective tissues
Transports air in and out of the trachea
Larynx:An enlargement in the airway superior to the trachea and inferior to the laryngopharynx
Layers of the pleurae
Increased surface tension in the alveoli decreases their volume
Intra-alveolar pressure increases to about 1 mm Hg above atmospheric pressure
As the lungs recoil, the pleura and chest wall are pulled inward
As a result, air rushes out of the lungs into the atmosphere
As the diaphragm recoils, abdominal organs spring back to original shape, which pushes the diaphragm upward
Forced expiration: Allows for expiration of more air than normal
The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax and the lungs recoil, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity
Aided by internal intercostal muscles and abdominal wall muscles, which compress the rib cage and abdominal wall, respectively
Normal expiration: Results from the passive process of elastic recoil of the muscles and lung issues, and from the surface tension within the alveoli
Respiratory volumes and capacities
Residual volume (RV): volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration; average is ~1,200 mL; cannot be measured with a spirometer
Respiratory capacities: combinations of 2 or more respiratory volumes:
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): volume of air that can be exhaled during a maximal forced expiration, beyond the tidal volume; average is ~1,200 mL
Inspiratory capacity (IC) is volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal, resting expiration; IRV + TV (~3,500ml)
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): volume of air that can be inhaled in addition to the tidal volume, during forced inspiration; average is ~3,000 mL
Functional residual capacity (FRC) is volume of air that remains in lungs after a resting expiration; ERV + RV (~2,300 mL)
There are 4 distinct respiratory volumes: Tidal volume (TV): volume of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one
respiratory cycle; average is ~500 mL
Vital capacity (VC) is maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration; TV + IRV + ERV (~4,600ml)
One inspiration followed by expiration is called a respiratory cycle
Total lung capacity (TLC) is total volume of air the lungs can hold; VC + RV (~5,800 mL); varies with age, gender, body size
Spirometry: study of various air volumes that move into and out of the lungs due to different degrees of effort
Anatomic dead space is the volume of air remaining in the bronchial tree, that is not involved in gas exchange
Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
Diaphragm contracts and moves downward, enlarging the
thoracic cavity
External intercostals contract to move ribs and sternum upward and outward
Muscles that expand the thoracic cavity for normal inspiration
Muscle contraction results in pressure in lungs falling to 2 mm below atmospheric pressure; this causes air to rush into the lungs
Diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles:
Maximal inspiration (a deep breath): requires contraction of
several other muscles (pectoralis minor,sternocleidomastoid, scalenes), to enlarge the thoracic cavity even more
Increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity causes air pressure inside the lungs to decrease (an inverse relationship)
Due to surface tension between the 2 layers of the pleura, as
the thoracic cavity expands, the lungs expand with it
When pressure inside the lungs decreases below atmospheric pressure, air flows in from the atmosphere; this occurs during inspiration
Surface tension, however, is not advantageous in the alveoli; it would tend to cause alveolar collapse
Atmospheric pressure: pressure exerted by the air on all
objects in contact with it; force that moves air into the lungs
Inspiration: Air moves from higher to lower pressure
As the lungs expand in size, a lipoprotein mixture called
surfactant keeps the alveoli inflated, preventing collapse
Internal vs. external respiration
Internal respiration is the exchange of gases with the internal environment, and occurs in the tissues.
The actual exchange of gases occurs due to simple diffusion.
External respiration is the exchange of gases with the external environment, and occurs in the alveoli of the lungs.
Ventilation (breathing): movement of air from outside the body into the bronchial tree and alveoli, and back out
Composed of inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation)
Inspiration:Air moves from higher to lower pressure
Atmospheric pressure: pressure exerted by the air on all
objects in contact with it; force that moves air into the lungs
When pressure inside the lungs decreases below atmospheric pressure, air flows in from the atmosphere; this occurs during inspiration
Increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity causes air pressure inside the lungs to decrease (an inverse relationship)
Diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles: Muscles that expand the thoracic cavity for normal inspiration
Diaphragm contracts and moves downward, enlarging the
thoracic cavity
Muscle contraction results in pressure in lungs falling to 2 mm below atmospheric pressure; this causes air to rush into the lungs
External intercostals contract to move ribs and sternum upward and outward
Maximal inspiration (a deep breath): requires contraction of
several other muscles (pectoralis minor,sternocleidomastoid, scalenes), to enlarge the thoracic cavity even more
Due to surface tension between the 2 layers of the pleura, as
the thoracic cavity expands, the lungs expand with it
Surface tension, however, is not advantageous in the alveoli; it would tend to cause alveolar collapse
As the lungs expand in size, a lipoprotein mixture called
surfactant keeps the alveoli inflated, preventing collapse
Normal expiration: Results from the passive process of elastic recoil of the muscles and lung tissues, and from the surface tension within the alveoli
The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax and the lungs recoil, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity
As the diaphragm recoils, abdominal organs spring back to original shape, which pushes the diaphragm upward
As the lungs recoil, the pleura and chest wall are pulled inward
Increased surface tension in the alveoli decreases their volume
Intra-alveolar pressure increases to about 1 mm Hg above atmospheric pressure
As a result, air rushes out of the lungs into the atmosphere
Forced expiration: Allows for expiration of more air than normal
Aided by internal intercostal muscles and abdominal wall muscles, which compress the rib cage and abdominal wall, respectively
Upper respiratory structures and functions
Paranasal sinuses:
Air-filled spaces in the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones
Particles trapped in the mucus are carried to the pharynx by action of cilia,swallowed, and carried to the stomach, where gastric juice destroys microorganisms in the mucus
Sinuses open into the nasal cavity
Conchae support mucous membranes, and increase the surface area to warm, moisturize, and filter incoming air
Lined with mucous membrane that is continuous with that lining the nasal cavity
Nasal conchae are scroll-shaped bones that divide the nasal cavity into passageways
Reduce the weight of the skull
Divided medially by nasal septum, consisting of bone & cartilage
Serve as resonant chambers for the voice
Hollow space posterior to the nose
Pharynx (throat):
Nasal cavity:
Space behind oral and nasal cavities and larynx
Nostrils contain coarse hairs, which prevent entry of particles
Common passageway for air and food from nasal & oral cavities
Supported by bone and cartilage
Aids in producing sounds for speech
Nostrils provide openings for entrance and exit of air
Nose:
3 subdivisions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
Disorders of the respiratory system
Pneumonia- Bacterial or viral inflection on the lungs.
Lung Cancer- Uncontrolled cell growth & development of tumors in the lungs.
Tuberculosis- Bacterial infection in the respiratory system caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Seasonal Flu- A viral infection; there are many variations of this virus and it changes rapidly year to year which changes the severity of symptoms.
COPD- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder; includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma.
Major functions of the respiratory system
External respiration, the gas exchange between lungs and blood
Gas transport in blood between the lungs and body cells
Respiration includes the following events: Ventilation or breathing, the movement of air into and out of the
lungs
Internal respiration: gas exchange between the blood and body cells
Respiration: process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and cells
Cellular respiration: oxygen use by the cells, and production of carbon dioxide
Other functions of the respiratory system: removes particles from incoming air, regulates temperature and water content of the air,provides vocal sounds, regulates blood pH, and helps in sense of smell
Mucous membranes of bronchial tree filter, warm, and humidify incoming air
Consists of tubes that filter, warm, and moisturize incoming air, and transport it into the gas exchange areas, and microscopic air sacs that exchange gases
The organs of the respiratory tract can be divided into 2 portions or tracts:
Respiratory system: Obtains oxygen from the atmosphere, and removes carbon dioxide from the body cells
Upper respiratory tract: Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, and pharynx
Oxygen is required by cells to break down nutrients, to release energy and produce ATP; carbon dioxide is a product of nutrient breakdown, which has to be excreted from the body
Lower respiratory tract: Larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs