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CHAPTER 1: BUSINESS DRIVEN TECHNOLOGY, UNIFIED MODELING LANGUANGE (UML)…
CHAPTER 1: BUSINESS DRIVEN TECHNOLOGY
COMPETING IN THE INFORMATION AGE
Fact
The cconfirmation or validation of an event or object
Information age
The present time, during which infinite quantities of facts are widely available to anyone who can use a computer
Data
Raw facts that describe the characteristics of an event or object
Structured data
Stored in a traditional system such as a relational database or spreadsheet
Machined generate data
Created by a machine without human intervention
Human generate data
Data that humans, in interaction with computers, generate
Big data
A collection of large, complex data sets, including structured and unstructured data, which cannot be analyzed using traditional database methods and tools
Snapshot
A view of data at a particular point in time
Information
Data converted into a meaningful and useful context
Business Intelligence
Information collected from multiple sources such as suppliers, customers, competitors, partners, and industries that analyzes patterns, trends, and relationships for strategic decision making
Analytics
The science of fact-based decision making
Predictive analytics
Extracts information from data and uses it to predict future trends and identify behavioral patterns
Behavioral analytics
Uses data about people’s behaviors to understand intent and predict future actions
Knowledge
Skills, experience, and expertise coupled with information and intelligence that creates a person’s intellectual resources
knowledge worker
Skills, experience, and expertise coupled with information and intelligence that creates a person’s intellectual resources
THE CHALLENGE: DEPARTMENTAL COMPANIES
SALES
Performs the function of selling goods or services
OPERATION MANAGEMENT
Manages the process of converting or transforming or resources into goods or serviced
MARKETING
Supports sales by planning, pricing and promotion goods or services
HUMAN RESOURCES
Maintains policies, plans, and procedures for the effective management of employees
FINANCE
Tracks strategic financial issues including money, banking, credit, investments and assets.
ACCOUNTING
Records, measures, and reports monetary transactions
SYSTEMS THINKING AND THE MIS SOLUTION
SALES
Potential customer data
Sales report data
Commission data
Customer support data
OPERATION MANAGEMENT
Manufacturing data - Distribution data - Production data
MARKETING
-Promotion data - Sales data -Commission data - Customer support data
HUMAN RESOURCES
Employee data - Promotion data -Vacation data
FINANCE
Investment data - Monetary data -Reporting data
ACCOUNTING
-Transactional data - Purchasing data - Payroll data -Tax data
SYSTEMS THINKING AND THE MIS SOLUTION
A way of monitoring the entire system by viewing multiple inputs being processed or transformed to produce outputs while continuously gathering feedback on each part
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS (MIS)
A business function, like accounting and human resources, which moves information about people, products, and processes across the company to facilitate decision-making and problem-solving
UNIFIED MODELING LANGUANGE (UML) USE CASE DIAGRAM
REQUIREMENTS STRUCTURING
The process of analyzing, organizing and modeling the requirements obtained via interviews, questionnaires, observation and document analysis
USE CASE
A depiction of a system's behavior or functionality under various conditions as the system responds to requests from users
Gambaran tingkah laku sistem atau kefungsian di bawah pelbagai keadaan sebagai sistem tindak balas kepada permintaan daripada pengguna
ACTOR
An external entity that interacts with the system
• Most actors represent user roles, but actors can also be external systems
An actor is a role, not a specific user; one user may play many roles, and an actor may represent many users
BOUNDARY
The dividing line between the system and its environment
CONNECTION
An associated between and actor and use case
INCLUDE RELATIONSHIP
A connection between two use cases
Indicates a use case that is used (invoked) by another use case
Links to general purpose functions, used by many other use cases
EXTEND RELATIONSHIP
A connection between two use cases
Extends a use case by adding new behavior or or actions
Specialized use case extends the general use case
WRITEN USE-CASE
TITLE
descriptive name, matches name in
use case diagram
PRIMARY ACTOR
usually a user role
SKATEHOLDERS
any group or individual with
an interest in the function of the use case
PRECONDITION
conditions that must be satisfied
in order to execute the use case
MINIMAL GUARANTEE
outputs that can be
expected if the service attempt failed
SUCCESS GUARANTEE
outputs that can be
expected if the service succeeds
TRIGGER
an event or action that initiates the
use case
MAIN SUCCESS SENARIO
description of sequence of interactions between actor and use case during the use case execution
EXTENSION
detailed description of how errors
are dealt with
CHAPTER 9: ANALYSIS CLASS
ANALYSIS CLASS
A class that represents initial data and behavior requirements, and whose software and hardware-oriented details have not been specified
Kelas yang mewakili data awal dan keperluan tingkah laku, dan perisiannya dan butiran berorientasikan perkakasan belum ditentukan
STEREOTYPE OF ANALYSIS CLASSES
ENTITY CLASS ORDER
Mostly corresponds to conceptual data model classes
BOUNDARY CLASS ORDERFORM
Encapsulated connections between actors and use cases
CONTROL CLASS ORDERCONTROL
Mostly performs behaviors associated with inner workings of use cases
SEQUENCE DIAGRAM
A UML diagram that shows the interaction between objects to perform critical pieces of use case behavior in a time-ordered manner
SYMBOLS IN A SEQUENCE DIAGRAM
Box or class stereotype symbol represents objects.
Dotted vertical line represents object’s lifetime.
Thin bars represent focus of control, periods of time when object is behaving (fulfilling responsibilities)
Labeled horizontal lines represent messages passing between objects.
ROBUSTNESS ANALYSIS
Involves analyzing the narrative text of each of the use cases and identifying a first-guess set of the objects into entity, boundary and control classes
Melibatkan menganalisis teks naratif setiap satu kes penggunaan dan mengenal pasti tekaan pertama set objek ke dalam entiti, sempadan dan kelas kawalan
COMMUNICATION DIAGRAM
A UML diagram that shows the interactions between objects to perform critical pieces of the use case behavior
Gambar rajah UML yang menunjukkan interaksi antara objek untuk melakukan kepingan kritikal tingkah laku kes penggunaan
Unlike sequence diagrams, communication diagrams have no spatial representation of time; sequences of messages are shown by numbering
ACTIVITY DIAGRAM
A diagram that emphasizes the flow of
control from activity to activity in an object
Gambar rajah yang menekankan aliran
kawalan daripada aktiviti ke aktiviti dalam objek
Used to provide detail for complex
algorithms
ELEMENTS
Activity
– a behavior that an object carries out while in a particular state
Transition
– a movement from one activity or state to another
Decision point
– a diamond symbol containing a condition whose results provide transitions to different paths of activities
Swimlanes
– lanes that partition the diagram to show who does what activities
Synchronization bar
– horizontal or vertical bars denoting
parallel or concurrent paths of activities
STATE DIAGRAM
A diagram that captures the behavior of an object by specifying the sequence of states it goes through during its lifetime in response to events, together with responses to those events
Gambar rajah yang menangkap kelakuan objek oleh menyatakan urutan keadaan yang dilalui semasanya seumur hidup sebagai tindak balas kepada peristiwa, bersama-sama dengan tindak balas
When to use
- For describing object behavior across many
use cases
CHAPTER 2: IDENTFYING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES
Business Strategy
A leadership plan that achieves a specific set of goals or objectives such as
Developing new products or services
Entering new markets
Increasing customer loyalty
Attracting new customers
Increasing sales
Competitive advantage
A product or service that an organization’s customers place a greater value on than similar offerings from a competitor
First-mover advantage
Occurs when an organization can significantly impact its market share by being first to market with a competitive advantage
SWOT
evaluates an organization’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to identify significant influences that work for or against business strategies
THE FIVE FORCE MODEL
BUYER POWER
The ability of buyers to affect the price of an item
Switching cost
Manipulating costs that make customers reluctant to switch to another product
Loyalty program
Rewards customers based on the amount of business they do with a particular organization
SUPPLIER POWER
The suppliers’ ability to influence the prices they charge for supplies
Supply chain
Consists of all parties involved in the procurement of a product or raw material
THREAT OF SUBSTITUTE PRODUCTS OR SERVICES
High when there are many alternatives to a product or service and low when there are few alternatives
THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS
High when it is easy for new competitors to enter a market and low when there are significant entry barriers
Entry barrier
A feature of a product or service that customers have come to expect and entering competitors must offer the same for survival
RIVALRY AMONG EXISTING COMPETITORS
High when competition is fierce in a market and low when competitors are more complacent
Product differentiation
– Occurs when a company develops unique differences in its products or services with the intent to influence demand
CHAPTER 3: STRATEGIC INITIATIVES FOR IMPLEMENTING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES
BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING
Business process
a standardized set of activities that accomplish a specific task, such as processing a customer’s order
Business process reengineering (BPR)
the analysis and redesign of workflow within and between enterprises
Workflow
Includes the tasks, activities, and responsibilities required to execute each step in a business process
MANAGING BUSINESS PROCESSES
Customer facing process
- Results in a product or service that is received by an organization’s external customer
Business facing process
- Invisible to the external customer but essential to the effective management of the business
BUSINESS PROCESS MODELING
The activity of creating a detailed flow chart or process map of a work process showing its inputs, tasks, and activities, in a structured sequence
Business process model
- A graphic description of a process, showing the sequence of process tasks, which is developed for a specific
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT
The management of information flows between and among activities in a supply chain to maximize total supply chain effectiveness and profitability
Effective and efficient SCM systems can enable an organization to
Decrease the power of its buyers
Increase its own supplier power
Increase switching costs to reduce the threat of substitute products or services
Create entry barriers thereby reducing the threat of new entrants
Increase efficiencies while seeking a competitive advantage through cost leadership