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Our Ecosystem Under Emergency, Costal Eutrophication, Ocean Acidification,…
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Ocean Acidification
CO2 dissolves in the ocean, reducing the availability of carbonate, which is essential to shellfish to form their protective shells and skeletons (NRDC)
Adification also harms humans by getting into the food we eat from the ocean and from allowing us to have a stable climate (NRDC)
Survival chance for animals decreases when their habitats have a lower concentration of carbonate (NRDC)
Deforestation contributes to acidification due to the release of carbon that was stored in the air being released when a forest is cut/burnt down (NRDC)
Coral reefs, which shelter 25% of marine species, suffer from ocean adification (NRDC)
CO2 dissolves in the ocean, which triggers a chemical reaction and increases acidity over time (NRDC)
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Ocean Warming
In the past 30 years, marine heatwaves are estimated to have increased by more than 50%. Globally, ocean temperatures are predicted to increase by 1-4°C by 2100. (MSC)
Sudden rises in temperature and acidification can lead to the loss of marine habitats and species. (MSC)
Recent declines in North Sea cod populations, have been attributed in part to changing climate. This change has resulted in fewer juvenile cod surviving to adulthood. Having fewer adult fish has made sustainable fishing of the cod stock more difficult. (MSC)
83% of the global carbon cycle is circulated through the ocean. It has absorbed 93% of the excess heat from greenhouse gas emissions since the 1970s. (MSC)
There has been a rapid change in Atlantic mackerel distribution since 2007. Stocks have moved northward as sea temperatures rise. (MSC)
Shifting ocean currents and warming waters are changing the distribution of fish stocks and altering the structure of ecosystems. (MSC)
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Over-fishing
Overfishing occurs when too many fish in a particular stock are caught and there are not enough adults to breed and sustain a healthy population. (MSC)
Increases in ocean temperatures change the migratory routes of fish stocks, causing them to move away from traditional fishing grounds. Overfishing occurs when fisheries continue to catch at the same level even though some of their target species have moved to new grounds. (MSC)
It is estimated that governments have spent billions of dollars on subsidies to support their fishing industries. Sometimes, this might support fishing in overexploited areas where catch revenue will not be enough to cover the expense of fishing. In such cases subsidies end up encouraging unsustainable fishing practices. (MSC)
The level of overfishing has been increasing in recent decades and the number of overfished stocks is now three times higher than in 1970. (MSC)
For communities reliant on fishing, the impact of stock collapses can be devastating. Overfishing is also a concern for the wild marine environment as it is one of the major causes of the loss of ocean biodiversity. (MSC)
The human population reached 8 billion in November 2022 and is expected to reach almost 10 billion by 2050. Consumption of aquatic foods (farmed and wild) is rising twice as fast as the global population. (MSC)
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Plastic Pollution
Plastic pollution is undoubtedly an issue that requires worldwide cooperation. Its consequences affect the whole planet and its inhabitants: it threatens ocean health, the health of marine species, food safety and quality, human health, coastal tourism, and contributes to climate change. (UNESCO)
Plastic waste makes up 80% of all marine pollution and around 8 to 10 million metric tons of plastic end up in the ocean each year. (UNESCO)
Even if human beings are becoming more and more aware of the hazards this material poses to life, the presence of plastic in our ocean is continually increasing, and plastic pollution is still one of the main causes of marine species extinction, health problems for human beings and animals alike, and the destruction of our ecosystems. (UNESCO)
Currently, there are about 50-75 trillion pieces of plastic and microplastics in the ocean. (UNESCO)
Plastic materials are carcinogenic and can affect the body’s endocrine system, causing developmental, neurological, reproductive and immune disorders. Another health hazard is given by toxic contaminants that often accumulate on plastic’s surface, and are then transferred to humans through the consumption of seafood. (UNESCO)
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