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Grain Crops, GROUP 1 Sean Richardson O’Shae Ho-Sang Jackson Bodden …

- - - - Soil poor in nutrients giving food poor in nutrients
        
        Agriculture Driven to food that looks good, but doesn’t taste as good and isn’t as nutrient dense (Sus. Ag. + Food Systems)
        
        Population more at risk for disease
        
        Less nutrient dense meat
        
        Less diversified produce selection
    - - If at top of watershed, can effect large area (Dr. Bardati’s lecture)
      - Crops take up only 50% of the nitrogen given to them, rest end up in soil or groundwater (Text)
      - Possible illness
  - - - Drought intolerant or Flood intolerant plants suffer (1st reading)
- - - - There are 3 perennial species capable of hybridizing with annual wheat that also make for good candidates for domestication. (Text)
        
        Mammoth wildrye (Leymous racemosus)
        
        Long roots and stems, tolerates hot, dry and saline environments as well as soil with high levels of aluminum.
        
        Also shows resistance to scab
        
        Intermedium wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium)
        
        Tall growth, long roots and large seeds
        
        Variety of Thinopyrum Intermedium called Kernza
        
        Reduces NO3 Leachates, increases the labile fraction of C in the soil, and can make better use of soil moisture due to deep penetrating roots.
        
        Kernza is being experimented with on the Bishop's Farm
        
        Lyme Grass (Leymus Arenarius)
        
        Does well in sandy soils as well as in high salinity
        
        A lot of potential for domestication and hybridization process to be able to produce more resilience to cold or salinity
        
        Produces a lot of high-quality and high-protein seeds
      - Perennial Wheat varieties have longer roots which is better for the soil and water retention.
  - - - Advantages of prennial rice
        
        Improving soil structure will make it more resistant to nematodes (In text)
  - - - 1.Not showing senescene
        
        2.Frost and winter resistant
        
        3.Redirect energy from hybernation to regrowth
        
        Improving regrowth trait in Maize can help reduce soil erosion, improve carbon sequestration, and providing raw material
        
        However, domestication of maize (annual/perennial) alters interactions with pests which can lead to pest reproducing more
    - - Perennial rye competitive with weeds
      - Good spring growth and better use of soil moisture
      - Produces good regrowth and lots of biomass
      - Good alternative to production of grass and forage
      - Perennials have fibrous roots. Good for soil structure, soil organic matter and protects against erossion
      - Requires patience. First year is not profitable but perennials eventually roots become robust and plant does good.
- - - - Perinnials Plants (text)
        
        less labour intensive in the long run
        
        Crops do not die after harvest.
        No replanting
        
        Longer/ More developped roots
        
        Reduced erosion
        
        Less intensive watering needs
        
        Better water retention in soil (1st reading)
        
        Better nutrient
        uptake (text)
        
        Healthier
        Food
        
        Increased carbon sequestration and soil quality
      - Cross breeding with annuals (text)
      - Usual mode of reproduction is through seeds (Discussed in text)
    - - Greater Resilience
      - Less Disease
      - Less