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educational social policys - Coggle Diagram
educational social policys
New labour (1997-2010)
3 main strands
Raising standards
class sizes reduced to 30
one hour per day of reading and maths
children now start school at 4 and leaving age raisd to 18
expanded role of OFSTED
expanded the number if places available in universities
Increasing diversity and choice
specialist schools
schools which specialise in various subjects
child centred learning
Teachers are expected to focus more on each child’s individual learning needs
Special Educational Needs Provision
a massive expanchion on helping those with special needs
Faith schools
Improving equality of opportunity.
education action zones.
extra money for schools in deprived areas
sure start
12 hours a week free nursery provision of children aged 2-4
education maintenance allowance
£30 per week to encourage students from low income households to stay in 16-18 education.
Positives of new labour polices
standords have improved and theres now greater choice and diversity
SAT and GCSE scores have improved signifacntly
now a greater diversity in schools
New Labour have established a ‘Learning Society’ were leaning has became more highly valued
critisims
this has not improved equality of educational opportunity
the gap between middle and working class achevemts continue to grow
the bringing in of tuition fees in higher education puts working class children of from going to uni
privet schools mean that kids with rich paerants get a better education
City academies enable those with money to shape the curriculum
Gilborn and Youdell argue that more students have a negative experience of education in the ‘A-C economy’
Schools have become too test focussed
Students are too taught to the test and less able to think critically
polices to promote gender equality
the 1944 tripartite system
students had to take a IQ test at 11
In the earler days girls had to score higher to pass as it was thought that they matured earler then boys.
origenly girls were only able to take part in lesson such as home economics, cooking, typing, math and english
due to the 1988 education reform act
the national curriculim was brought along
this ment that girl and boys were tought the main subjects such as math, english, and sciance
polices to reduce class inequality
no matter your class due to the 1944 tripartite system you were able to take part in the 11+
grammer schools were mainly takin up by middle class and secondery moderns by lower classes.
1965 comprehensive schools
this was one type of school for all pupils
new labour 1997
focusing more on equality of opportinity the the original new right
early academies rose standards in poor areas a lot
coalition
may 2010
conservative Liberal Democratic Coalition government came to power.
the coalition policy was frmaed by a idealogical commitment to cutting public spending.
spending on education fell duting this period
which reflects the ongoing influence of the newright.
most of these polices were designed to introduce more choice, competition and effciency to the education market.
Forced academisation
Coalition made it possable for any school to become an acandemy, aiming to make academy status the norm for all schools
Academies Act of 2010
schools with the grade of outstanding were eligeble to convert to academy status
2011 this was extended to all schools which were performing well.
as this evolved and expanded any schools who receved an OFSTED grading of satisfactory or below were forced to convert to academies
the majority of parents (90% in some cases) did not want the school to convert to an academy.
By 2013, there were 3,304 academies in England – almost 15 times as many as in May 2010, when there were 203 academies.
By the time of the general election in 2015 (the end of the Coalition) over half of all secondary schools were academies.
Free Schools
they took there inspo for these schools from Sweden
A Free School in England is a type of Academy, a non-profit-making, state-funded school which is free to attend.
Free schools are not controlled by a Local Authority but instead governed by a non-profit charitable trust.
Between 2010 and 2015 more than 400 free schools were open in England by the Coalition Government.
these schools are new and maney are run by parents.
not required to follow the national curriculum
as long as they teach math, english and science
dont have to hire qualifid teachers.
Evaluation
they are a drain for other schools in the area
f parents withdraw students from other local schools, those schools will suffer reduced funding
evedance hsows that free schools benifit children from high income households, but do nothing for children from low income households, thus they use tax payer money to increase social class inequalities
Increasing university tuition fees
Some policies were nominally aimed at promoting equality of educational opportunity.
The pupil premium
Introduced in 2011
this involved giving schols extra funing based on the number of free school meals they took in.
Schools would received an additional £600 for every child who was eligible for Free School Meals or who had been looked after for six months or longer.
2015 this was extended to include early eduaction years
Schools were supposed to spend their pupil premium funding specifically on helping disadvantaged pupils
One problem with the Pupil Premium was that by 2015 the government admitted that children from disadvantaged backgrounds continued to get worse GCSE results, therefore the policy had had limited impact on reducing the attainment gap.
Introducing bursary schemes for some further and higher education students.
The Fairness Premium
The fairness premium was the coalition’s main policy to reduce inequality of educational achievement and close the attainment gap.
this would be used to fund disadvataged children from age 2 to 20
two of the main specific policies to be funded were additional pre-school education and the pupil premium
this expanded early years education so that disadvantaged two to four year olds were entitled to 15 hours per week of pre-school education
The aim of this early intervention was to try to address the poor language skills which disadvantaged children generally had before entering school
However, this help introduced by the Coalition was really a myth because they cut funding for Sure Start which was effectively doing the same thing as this initiative and so this wasn’t really anything additional at all.
Curriculum Reform
The Education secretary believed that New Labour’s curriculum was low quality and so initiated a whole curriculum review, and a new curriculum framework was published in 2014
Gove’s curriculum review introduced the following changes
The content of the national curriculum was made more challenging, with more of a focus on core knowledge and key skills.
The old levels of attainment were scrapped.
arts and technical subjects less important as these were not in the Ebacc.
Coursework elements of GSCE and A-levels were scrapped and replaced with exams.
A technical baccalaureate was introduced for 16-18 year olds.
Higher Education Policies
scrapped all direct funding to universities from the government with the exception of some STEM subjects
The coalition raised the limit on tuition fees for Higher Education to £9000 per student.
from 2012 universities were to obtain their teaching income directly from student fees.
Tuition fees were largely funded by students loans, which were also available to students to fund their costs of living while studying
and these loans were not to be paid back until graduates were earning £21 000 a year.
Most universities ended up charging the full £9000 tuition fees
these changes saw the introduction of a fully fledged market in higher education
There was also concern at the time that a divide would open up between the traditional Russel Group universities and the post-1992 old Polytechnic universities.
Scrapping the Education Maintenance Allowance
The Coalition scrapped the EMA scheme, and replaced it with a £180 million bursary scheme
targeted at those in the very lowest income households
given directly to schools and colleges, rather than paid to individual students.
Evaluation of Coalition Education Policies
Standards have continued to increase
The attainment gap between FSM and non FSM pupils has decreased
Free schools reduce funding for other local education authority schools, advantaging middle class parents
The scrapping of the EMA lowered the stay on rate in Further Education.
Considerable regional inequalities remain
its debated how committed these policys were to improving equality of educatinal opertunites
due to their marketisation polices increasing inequality.
they scarped some of New labours previous policies
the education maintenance allowance
Globlisation
The globalisation of education refers to how a ‘global system’ of education is emerging, beyond the level of individual countries. Three examples of this are:
PISA league tables rank countries according to how well pupils’ score on English and maths tests.
PISA stands for the Programme for International Student Assessment
conducts standardised tests in dozens of different countries every three years in reading and literacy, maths and sciences
produces league tables which rank countries based on the average student performance.
International companies are increasingly providing educational services in Britain and abroad.
Private schools and universities are expanding abroad and offering services to fee-paying parents/ students.
The rise of online learning and digital education