Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Chapter 10 Politics and Security - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 10 Politics and Security
Security concept
What is the meaning of security?
Security:
Basic concept in human relations
The deepest and most abiding issue in politics.
the condition of being safe from hard or threats, usually understood as 'freedom from fear', implying physical harm.
the. absence of danger, fear of anxiety, is conventionally drawn between the maintenance of security in the
domestic
sphere and the maintenance of security in the
international
sphere
3 contexts or level of security
Domestic politics
International politics
Individual/Personal (human security - new context/perspective)
Heywood's perspective on security:
-between 'inside' and 'outside' politics
Internal Security
('inside' of politics, security)
Definition:
Refers to the state's ability to maintain order within its own borders.
Instruments:
Utilizes the coercive apparatus of the state, including the police and, at times, the military.
Concerns:
Involves managing relationships between the state and various non-state actors, such as criminal gangs, dissident groups, and protest movements.
Sovereign Power Advantage
The state's significant advantage is its sovereign power, allowing it to stand above other social associations by possessing a monopoly on what Max Weber termed 'legitimate violence.'
External Security
('outside' of politics, security)
Definition
Relates to the state's capability to provide protection against threats originating beyond its borders.
Instruments
Focuses on the armed forces' ability to engage in warfare and resist military attacks.
Interstate Relations
Involves the state's relationships with other states, with emphasis on material and military engagement in warfare.
Dependence on Internal Stability
The state's ability to maintain security externally is closely tied to its internal stability. If internal security is compromised, external security becomes challenging.
Sovereignty's Role
Sovereignty is crucial; it implies that the state holds the highest authority, particularly in an anarchical international environment lacking enforceable rules or a pre-eminent power.
In summary, the concept of security is multifaceted. Internally, it deals with maintaining order through state instruments, while externally, it involves protecting against threats beyond borders. The state's sovereignty plays a pivotal role in both aspects, providing it with the authority and power necessary to manage and ensure security within and outside its borders.
-based on the capability of a state
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES ABOUT SECURITY - BETWEEN THEN AND NOW?
Before Cold War vs. Post Cold War:
Before Cold War:
Security primarily focused on state survival and military concerns.
The security paradigm was more centered on the nation-state and its military capabilities.
The main goal was often against colonial powers, and states sought independence.
Post Cold War:
Security challenges expanded beyond the military context to include global issues.
Encompasses a broader spectrum of challenges, including economic, social, values, and political aspects.
The focus shifted towards individuals and communities, emphasizing basic human rights and survival.
Challenges During Wartime vs. Post-Cold War:
During Wars (World War and Cold War):
Challenges were primarily state-centric and focused on ensuring the survival of the state.
Military strategies were crucial, and conflicts often revolved around colonial and state independence movements.
Post-Cold War:
Global challenges became more prominent and extended beyond traditional military concerns.
The concept of security broadened to include individual and community well-being.
Challenges encompassed a wide range of issues, including economic stability, social cohesion, values, and political stability.
SECURITY CONCEPT: TRADITIONAL DEFINITION
1. Timeframe:
The focus is on the period before the Cold War, specifically during the era of colonization and decolonization.
2. National Level Focus:
The primary focus of security was at the national level, emphasizing the protection of the nation and the maintenance of state sovereignty.
The goal was to safeguard the power and political position of the state.
3. National Security Emphasis:
The term 'national security' was commonly used to describe the concept.
Security was narrowly defined, largely centered around maintaining a strong military defense against potential enemy invasions and attacks.
4. Military-centric Approach:
Security was primarily understood as the nation equipping itself with arms and warfare techniques to enhance national strength and capability.
The objective was to eliminate threats in the forms of foreign aggression, invasion, or internal rebellion.
5. Physical Threats and Border Security:
Security, in this context, meant eliminating physical threats and securing national borders from potential threats.
6. Types of threats
any form of external threats to the state like invasion, aggression, and intrusion –
physical wars conflict and clashes - inter-state war
Most of these threats are supposed to be military nature.
For examples – the war against colonial powers during 19 and 20th century.
7. Government Responsibility:
Maintaining security was viewed as the priority obligation of the state government.
There was no higher authority to regulate the relations between states.
8. Conflict Control Mechanism:
The state's mechanism for controlling conflicts was based on deterrence and war strategy.
The focus was on preparing for military defense and responding to threats through military means.
9. Military Definition of National Security:
National security, during this period, was predominantly defined in military terms and nature.
In summary, the traditional definition of security before the Cold War era was centered on safeguarding the nation at the national level, with a strong emphasis on military capabilities and defense against external threats. The concept was narrowly focused and often tied to the military aspect of national security.
National security
Human Security
Terrorism
Present challenges to human security
Objective:
To discuss the concept and issue of security, conflict and national security.