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Green Science, CAPS IS IMPORTANT, Important conversions: 10mm to 1cm …

- - - - Kelvin (K)
    - - Mole (mol)
    - - Ampere (A)
    - - Candela (cd)
    - - Second (s)
    - - Kilogram (kg)
    - - Meter (m)
    - - Kg/m³ (Mass per unit)
        
        Because SI unit for mass is kg and volume is meter cubed (mass over volume)
    - - Meter Squared (m²)
        
        Because SI unit for length is meter
    - - Meter Cube (m³)
    - - Meters per second(m/s)
        
        Because SI unit for length is meter and time is second (speed over time)
  - - - Megameters (M)
        
        1000 Kilometers = 1 Megameter
    - - Gigameters (G)
        
        1000 Megameters = 1 Gigameter
    - - Decimeters (D)
        
        10 Centimeters = 1 Decimeter
    - - Centimeters (C)
        
        10 Millimeters = 1 Centimeter
    - - Millimeters (mm)
    - - Micrometers (μ)
        
        1000 Nanometers = 1 Micrcometer
        
        10 Micrometers = 1 Millimeter
    - - Nanometers (n)
        
        1,000,000,000,000,000,000 Nanometers = 1 Gigameter
    - - Kilometers (K)
        
        1000 Meters = 1 Kilometer
    - - Meter (m)
        
        10 Decimeters = 1 Meter
  - - - 1m
        
        0.1cm
    - - Several meters
        
        0.1cm
    - - 1cm to10/15 cm
        
        0.001cm
    - - Less than 1cm
        
        0.001cm
  - - - Up to 1cm³
    - - Up to 500cm³
        
        Always measure to half of smallest division. (eg. If 0.1 read as 0.15/0.1 depending on which is closer.)
    - - Less than 50cm³
  - - - A unpredictable error and not fixed in value
    - - A predictable error that is fixed in value
    - - Measuring instrument registers a non-zero reading when no physical quantity is being measured (can be positive or negative)
    - - Any reading taken when the line of sight is not perpendicular to the scale being measured.
    - - The reading is imprecise as humans will take 0.2s to 0.4s to react
- - - - Looks like pipes stuck together into a cylinder (typically in pairs)
        
        play a crucial role in cell division, may also be involved in the formation of cilia and flagella in some cells
    - - Wifi
        
        chemically modifies, sorts and packages molecules within it (not tested)
    - - Vary in shape and size
        
        transport, store, and secrete various molecules, important in communication within the cell
        vacuole of animal cells
    - - Rough ER
        
        Tube with dots
        
        is a cell structure covered in ribosomes, where proteins are made and prepared for use inside and outside the cell.
      - Smooth ER
        
        Smooth tubes
        
        is a cell structure that helps make fats, detoxifies harmful substances, and stores calcium ions.
    - - Chromatin
        
        DNA packed into thread-like structures
        
        is a mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes found in the nucleus of cells
      - Nucleoli
        
        Dark dense circle (can have more than 1)
        
        responsible for the assembly and processing of ribosomes
      - Nuclear envelope
        
        Cell membrane for nucleus
        
        a double membrane surrounding the nucleus, regulates the passage of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
      - Nucleoplasm
        
        Cytoplasm of the nucleus
        
        supports nuclear processes, and maintains nuclear structure
      - controls cell activities such as growth and repair of worn-out parts
        plays an important part in cell division
    - - Small dots
        
        involved in synthesis of proteins
    - - Large dots
        
        break down various biomolecules that the cell no longer needs into simpler components that the cell can reuse or eliminate
    - - Sausage
        
        involved in cellular respiration to release energy used to perform cell activities such as growth and reproduction
        
        Fun fact
        
        used to be cell, could make its own energy and DNA to reproduce
        
        Parts
        
        inner membrane (has folds below the outer membrane, also forms folds)
        
        outer membrane (outer shell of mitochondrion)
        
        intermembrane space (space between outer and inner membrane)
        
        Matrix (space of the folds)
        
        DNA in matrix (not free, organized in to nucleoids)
        
        Free ribosomes in the matrix
        
        Cristae (between folds)
    - - Should alr know
        
        stores water, nutrients, and waste
    - - Should alr know
        
        is a jelly-like substance that fills the cell, contributing to cell structure, support, and function
    - - Should alr know
        
        controls movement of substances in and out of a cell, it is partially permeable
    - - Should alr know
        
        contain chlorophyll, which helps them capture sunlight for photosynthesis
    - - Surrounds vacuole
        
        control the movement of substances in and out of the vacuole
    - - Should alr know
        
        prevents cell from bursting, helps keep the cell in shape, also protects cell from injury
  - - - Cell surface membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm
  - - - Should alr know
    - - Should alr know
    - - Plant cells have a large and central vacuole while animal cells typically do not have vacuoles they instead have vesicles
    - - Animal cells have many lysosomes while plant cells have fewer or no lysosomes
    - - Animal cells usually contain a pair of centrioles but plant cells usually lack centroise
  - - - Examples
        
        Red blood cell
        
        Circular biconcave shape
        
        increases surface to volume ratio for more efficient diffusion of oxygen in and out of the cell
        
        No nucleus
        
        more space to pack more haemoglobin in the red blood cell
        
        Haemoglobin
        
        binds reversibly to oxygen for red blood cells to transport oxygen from lungs to other parts of the body
        
        Root hair cell
        
        Elongated protoplasmic protrusion
        
        increases surface to volume ratio for more efficient absorption of water and dissolved mineral salts from soil to stems and leaves
        
        Thin cell wall
        
        gidagadigadagadoao
        
        ive been married
- - - - Periodic table
        
        Period →
        Groups ↓
        
        Relative atomic mass affects density
        
        Group 1 = alkali metal (very reactive)
        Group 2 = alkali earth metals (also very reactive)
        Group 17 = halogens (reactive non-metallic)
        Group 18 = noble gases (very unreactive and often do not form pairs, eg. Hydrogen will be H2 as they pair up to be more stable)
        
        Metals and non-metals are divided by the staircase with metals on the right and non-metals on the left. However, the elements close to the staircase have some properties of the elements on the other side. Eg. Silicon is not a good conductor of electricity (non-metals), but has a high melting and boiling point (metal). They are known as metalloids
  - - - The chemical reaction usually involves the absorption (formation) or release (deformation) of energy in the form of heat and/or light
      - A compound cannot be broken down by physical means
      - Differences
        
        Properties
        
        The chemical properties of a compound are very different from the elements in the compound // The chemically properties if a mixture is about the same as those of its components
        
        Composition
        
        Elements in a compound are always fixed // The components in a mixture can be mixed in any portion
        
        Formation
        
        Compounds can only be formed by chemical reactions // Mixtures can be formed without chemical reaction
        
        Separation
        
        Compounds can only be broken down by chemical methods/ reactions // mixtures can be separated by physical means
        
        Melting/boiling points
        
        Compounds have fixed melting and boiling points // Mixture have a range of melting and boiling points depending on the
        amount of the specific components in the mixture
  - - - Can consist of elements, compounds, or both
    - - Heterogenous (Non-homogenous)
        Physical chemical properties are not the same through out the mixture
        
        Suspensions
        
        Suspension is a mixture of insoluble substances, suspended in liquid or gas
      - Homogenous
        Physical and chemical properties are the same throughout the mixture
        
        Solutions
        
        Solute is the salt in water
        
        Solution is a mixture of solute and solvent
        
        Differences
        
        Effects of light
        
        1 more item...
        
        Effects of filtration
        
        1 more item...
        
        Separation on standing
        
        Homogenous
        
        Concept of solubility
        
        3 more items...
        
        Solvent is water in salt
- - - - A measure of how readily electricity passes through the material
    - - A measure of how readily heat passes through the material
    - - Ability to support a heavy load without breaking or tearing
    - - Melting point is the temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid (the temperature of the solid/liquid will remain at the melting point until it is a complete liquid)
        Boiling Point is the temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas (the temperature of the liquid will remain at the boiling point until it is a complete liquid)
        Learn more in Topic 5
    - - Density is the mass per unit volume of a material or a substance (a less dense substance has a lower mass per unit and will therefore float on a denser substance)
    - - Ability to withstand scratches (A harder material has the ability to cut or scratch another material that is less hard than itself)
    - - Ability to return to original shape and size upon bring bent
  - - - 1
    - - 1.025
    - - 0.00123
    - - 0.00143
    - - 0.917
- - - - Physical digestion
        
        Break up food into smaller pieces so it is easier to swallow, and increase the surface area to volume ratio for faster digestion by enzymes
      - Saliva
        
        Soften food
      - Chemicals digestion
        
        Starch + salivary amylase -> maltose
    - - Peristalsis (transport to the stomach)
    - - Physical digestion
        
        Churning to break up food into smaller pieces so it is easier to swallow, and increase the surface area to volume ratio for faster digestion by enzymes
        
        Peristalsis (churning) to mix food with gastric juice
    - - Protein + protease (enzyme) -> polypeptide
      - Contains hydrochloric acid to activate protease and provides the optimal pH for protease to work
      - Contains hydrochloric acid to kill harmful bacteria in food
    - - Secrets intestinal juice
        
        Fats + lipase (enzyme) -> fatty acid + glycerol
        
        Maltose + maltase -> glucose
        
        Polypeptides + protease -> amino acid
      - Receives pancreatic juice
        
        Fats + lipase (enzyme) -> fatty acid + glycerol
        
        Starch + pancreatic amylase (enzyme) -> maltose
        
        Proteins + protease (enzymes) -> polypeptides
      - Receives bile from liver (no enzymes)
        
        Carries out emulsification of large fat droplets into small fat droplets for larger surface area to volume ratio for faster digestion by lipase
        
        Keep small intestine at optimal pH level
      - Absorption of food
        
        Glucose and amino acid and water soluble vitamins diffuse through the microvilli into the blood capillaries of the villus
        
        Adaptations
        
        Long (7m) to provide sufficient time for absorption
        
        Has many folds which are lined with finger like projections called villi, which have microvilli to increase surface area to volume ratio for food to be absorbed
        
        Villi has one cell thick walls between intestinal lumen and blood capillaries to decrease diffusion distance and increase absorption rate
        
        Richly supplied with blood capillaries
        
        Fatty acids and glycerol diffuse through the microvilli where they recombine to form minute fat globules which enter the lacteals and get transported away by lymph
      - Contains parasites because there is warmth and food, but mucus, acid, and enzymes help protect the intestine from the parasites