10 Micrometers = 1 Millimeter

10 Decimeters = 1 Meter

Always measure to half of smallest division. (eg. If 0.1 read as 0.15/0.1 depending on which is closer.)

Precision is the closeness of the results and not the true value

Always look at the the instrumental precision (if precision is 0.01g and you're off by 0.5g then your results are not accurate as its significant to the instrumental precision of 0.01) Note: always use significant or comparable

Measuring instrument registers a non-zero reading when no physical quantity is being measured (can be positive or negative)

Any reading taken when the line of sight is not perpendicular to the scale being measured.

The reading is imprecise as humans will take 0.2s to 0.4s to react

Because SI unit for length is meter and time is second (speed over time)

Because SI unit for mass is kg and volume is meter cubed (mass over volume)

The chemical reaction usually involves the absorption (formation) or release (deformation) of energy in the form of heat and/or light

Jelly-like substance (70%-90% water, but also contain proteins, carbohydrates and fats)

is a mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes found in the nucleus of cells

responsible for the assembly and processing of ribosomes

supports nuclear processes, and maintains nuclear structure

a double membrane surrounding the nucleus, regulates the passage of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

play a crucial role in cell division, may also be involved in the formation of cilia and flagella in some cells

is a jelly-like substance that fills the cell, contributing to cell structure, support, and function

is a cell structure covered in ribosomes, where proteins are made and prepared for use inside and outside the cell.

is a cell structure that helps make fats, detoxifies harmful substances, and stores calcium ions.

controls cell activities such as growth and repair of worn-out parts
plays an important part in cell division

chemically modifies, sorts and packages molecules within it (not tested)

transport, store, and secrete various molecules, important in communication within the cell

vacuole of animal cells

involved in cellular respiration to release energy used to perform cell activities such as growth and reproduction

used to be cell, could make its own energy and DNA to reproduce

controls movement of substances in and out of a cell, it is partially permeable

inner membrane (has folds below the outer membrane, also forms folds)

intermembrane space (space between outer and inner membrane)

DNA in matrix (not free, organized in to nucleoids)

contain chlorophyll, which helps them capture sunlight for photosynthesis

Plant cells have a large and central vacuole while animal cells typically do not have vacuoles they instead have vesicles

Animal cells have many lysosomes while plant cells have fewer or no lysosomes

Animal cells usually contain a pair of centrioles but plant cells usually lack centroise

prevents cell from bursting, helps keep the cell in shape, also protects cell from injury

Cells are small to increase surface to volume ratio to become more efficient

Surface to volume ratio ↑ = rate of movement of substance in cell↑

binds reversibly to oxygen for red blood cells to transport oxygen from lungs to other parts of the body

increases surface to volume ratio for more efficient diffusion of oxygen in and out of the cell

increases surface to volume ratio for more efficient absorption of water and dissolved mineral salts from soil to stems and leaves

Break up food into smaller pieces so it is easier to swallow, and increase the surface area to volume ratio for faster digestion by enzymes

Churning to break up food into smaller pieces so it is easier to swallow, and increase the surface area to volume ratio for faster digestion by enzymes

Contains hydrochloric acid to activate protease and provides the optimal pH for protease to work

Carries out emulsification of large fat droplets into small fat droplets for larger surface area to volume ratio for faster digestion by lipase

Glucose and amino acid and water soluble vitamins diffuse through the microvilli into the blood capillaries of the villus

Long (7m) to provide sufficient time for absorption

Has many folds which are lined with finger like projections called villi, which have microvilli to increase surface area to volume ratio for food to be absorbed

Villi has one cell thick walls between intestinal lumen and blood capillaries to decrease diffusion distance and increase absorption rate

Fatty acids and glycerol diffuse through the microvilli where they recombine to form minute fat globules which enter the lacteals and get transported away by lymph

Contains parasites because there is warmth and food, but mucus, acid, and enzymes help protect the intestine from the parasites