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GENETICS OF OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER - Coggle Diagram
GENETICS OF OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
WHAT IS OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
:red_flag: A psychiatric disorder characterized by intrusive obsessions and/or compulsions that are distressing and time-consuming.
:red_flag: Obsessions are intrusive and unwanted thoughts, images, or urges that are associated with anxiety, distress, or a sense of something being not-just-right.
:star: Common obsessional themes include worries about harming others, being a bad person, or contamination.
:red_flag: Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental rituals, such as checking for safety, inspecting for cleanliness, or repetitive counting, which are performed to reduce anxiety or prevent a feared event.
Types of symptoms:
Contamination & cleaning
Symmetry; repeating, ordering & counting
Forbidden thoughts, sexual, religious, aggressive & hoarding
OCD DSM-5 introduced as a new section
:pen: Body dysmorphic disorder
:pen: Skin picking disorder
:pen: Trichotillomania
:pen: Hoarding disorder
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Females are affected at a slightly higher rate than males in adolescence and adulthood, males are more commonly affected in childhood.
The age of onset follows a bimodal distribution, peaking at adolescence (13-18 years) and early adulthood.
The majority of OCD patients exhibit at least one comorbid disorder; major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality, generalized anxiety disorder & etc.
Multiple risk factors such as perinatal complications, childhood trauma, reproductive cycle events and stressful life events.
A dysfunction in CSTC circuitry
GENETICS EPIDEMIOLOGY
Familial clustering of OCD
Heritability from family and twins
MOLECULAR GENETICS
Common variants
Genetic architecture
Rare variants
Epigenetics and gene expression
Genetic relationships with comorbid disorders
Sex differences
CLINICAL AND THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS
:checkered_flag: Aim to identify specific genetic risk factors and biological underpinnings of OCD to pave the way for prevention and improved treatments.
Have the potential to challenge the nosology of psychiatric disorders, including OCD, and may shape our understanding of how disorders should be classified and what drives comorbidity and similar traits across disorders
CONCLUSIONS & FUTURE DIRECTIONS
:red_flag: Aims to improve our understanding of the disorder, enhance prediction accuracy, and inform personalized treatment strategies.
Expand the genetic studies beyond cohorts of European ancestry to include non-European ancestry samples.
The role of environmental factors and their interactions with genetic factors needs to be explored, particularly in genetically diverse participants.
Understanding if the genetic architecture and risk for OCD differ based on the age of onset, as well as investigating sex differences.
Examine the role of gene-environment interactions, other structural variants such as variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) in large-scale sequencing studies, and epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and mRNA expression.
Exploring associations between genetics and psychological treatment outcome will contribute to the development of personalized medicine in OCD.