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TEXTBOOK: Ch. 7 notes - Coggle Diagram
TEXTBOOK: Ch. 7 notes
sec. 1: What Is Learning?
learning objective
: Define learning and distinguish between associative and non-associative learning.
to see if someone has learned something, you have to first observe behaviour
for example, you can't tell if someone has learned a math concept until you see them solve a math problem that requires understanding that concept
vocab
learning
: (lasting) change caused by experience/showing a behaviour
what scientists have learned from animal experimentation (regarding learning), can also be applied to humans as well
although humans have been so far (or mostly in history) studied for memory
learning can be divided into two categories
associative learning
when you learn to associate two or more stimuli together
such as cringing at the sound of a dental drill because you associate it with pain
remember: learning is a change that occurs
two major types of associative learning
classical conditioning
responding to two stimuli the same way
associating two stimuli
operant/instrumental conditioning
associating stimuli with events that happen after (consequences that follow)
can co-occur
non-associative learning
when stimuli isn't required to be associated
for example, if you moved to a new neighborhood, and you hear all sorts of unfamiliar sounds (like buses, trucks, etc.); but as time goes by, you learn what these unfamiliar sounds are, and not associate them with anything (or meaning)
the sounds become familiar as you get used to them ("learning" to get used to hearing these sounds)
Non-Associative Learning
considered the simpler of the two learning categories
because it doesn't require the process of learning about an association between two or more stimuli
two types of non-associative learning
habituation
sensory adaptation
: when you get used to a certain stimulus of your sense, that you don't give much of a response as the first time you sensed that thing
for example: if you don't feel excited anymore smelling pasta, after repeated exposure, then that's called sensory adaptation
habituation is different from this
is when an organism learns to ignore something (a stimulus) that is of no significance
for example, learning to ignore something that is of no threat
this is important for animals because it leaves "cognitive space" for them to think about and deal with other things for survival, etc.
dishabituation
: "undoing" of a habituation to a
new stimulus
for example: if a bird learned that a certain human is not of threat to its nest (habituation), but then later, some kids are invited over to the house, and the kids play around the nest area, the bird can/will respond to the new stimulus (the unfamiliar kids)
dishabituation happens after habituation
a behaviour coming back after it has not been done in a long while due to learning how to ignore stimulus and not respond in such a way
" form of non-associative learning whereby there is a recovery of attention to a novel stimulus following habituation."
we can use the concept of habituation and dishabituation to figure out whether infants really can distinguish between speech sounds, or facial expressions
Habituation and Neuropsychiatric Disorders
abnormalities in habituations can be found in disorders
reduced habituation: hyperarousal
enhanced habituation: under arousal
causes are unknown
ppl with asd cannot filter out stimuli
sensitization
involves an
increase
in behaviour (as opposed to a decrease, like in habituation)
like jumping at the sound of thunder, then jumping in fear again at another sound, like an alarm clock
having a stronger/exaggerated response in the second stimuli, after the first stimuli
"a form of non-associative learning whereby a strong stimulus results in an exaggerated response to the subsequent presentation of weaker stimuli"
supposedly helping with survival
or being in a haunted house, and (still) being scared by the ghost actor, and the sound effects and screaming in the rooms
sec. 2: Classical Conditioning
learning objective
: Describe the basic processes of classical conditioning and explain how classical conditioning is relevant to learning.
vocab
conditioning
: association of events in an environment
classical conditioning
: associating two previously unrelated things together, that makes you respond
natural reflex
: an innate response
unconditioned stimulus
: a stimulus that provokes a natural response
therefore, "unconditioned"
unconditioned response
: a response to an unconditioned stimulus
doesn't need to be learned
conditioned stimulus
: another stimulus that elicits the same response as the unconditioned stimulus
a natural response being "copy and pasted" to another stimuli
conditioned response
: provoked by the conditioned stimulus, and usually the same response as to the unconditioned response
acquired through experience/constant exposure?
How Does Classical Conditioning Work?