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Evaluate the idea that language change is caused by contact between…
Evaluate the idea that language change is caused by contact between different social groups
Attitudes
Pescriptivism- definition and examples of prescriptivist- Dr Johnson (dictionary in 1755) became a descriptivist. Lynn Truss punctuation- standard control.
Aitchisons 3 metaphors for prescriptivist attitudes (crumbling castle, damp soon, infectious disease)
Donald McKinnon- attitudes being polar opposites (incorrect/correct)- language change
French Acadamy- failed, still trying to control the language since 1635.
Descriptivism- David Crystal- all living languages change.
Deborah Tannen on verbal hygiene- for most if not all of us.
Reasons
Colonisation(world englishes) /immigration/contact with other languages through travel e.g borrowing from japan 'karaoke'
Inventions- e.g google- coining then conversion to a verb. also borrowing from America.
Invasions- vikings etc. borrowings e.g 'beef'. Norman French 1066
Technology- e.g texting- emoticons then emojis.. also acronyms (lol) /initialism (brb) /abbreviations (coz) /symbols. (x)90s full stop.
Music- borrowing of MLE 'mandem' caribbean creole- thorugh grime. spread to MBE- Rob Drummond- found in Manchester.
Social media- vocal fry- phonological change is an Americanism spread via the popularity of the Kardashians and TikTok.
Social identity- eg. young people Vivian Declerk- 'modern' and 'cool' - generalising
Youth slang- ameleoration- 'sick' or 'slay' not MLE
Gay men- polari died out over time.
Deliberate agency e.g Political correctness (reflectionism v determinism) euphemism tradmill/
Halliday (1961)
Functional theory- new discoveries, slang and technology
Unfolding of language- Deutcher 3 reasons - - wold is always changing because of contact and because people like to change
it is one reason for change- others
functional theoyr- new discoveries (examples) slang (de clerk) could be linked to contact tech (examples could be linked to contact.