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Mycotoxin control and analysis - Coggle Diagram
Mycotoxin control and analysis
preventive treatment
Micotoxin formation in field. GAP, GHP
prevention of stress condition: adequate irrigation, balanced fertilizations, insect attack reduction, reduction in filed the residues and inoculum, re-introduction of crop rotation
selection of naturally resistant crop: maize hybrids, GT maize resistant to aflatoxins
use if antifugal activity substances: application time in flowering, frequency treatments
development of transgenic cereal crop: 1) fungal infection resistant 2) crop able to catabolize mitoxins 3) insect attack resistant crop
improvement of post harvest technology: GSP, good manufacturing practice
decontamination
remove contaminated portions by chemical or physical treatments
Remove contaminated fractions from the product.
Physical
manual, mechanical, electronic
Wet-milling
AFB1, DON, T-2, OTA, ZEA, F
milling and process selection reduce the risks of mycotoxin exposure.
Dry-milling :green_cross: F, AF, :red_cross: DON, ZEA
Chemical Decontamination: organic solvents., only with high quantity
Non invasive technique: does not alter the final product
detoxification
inactivate mycotoxins destruction in situ by chemical, physical and/or biological treatments
drastic action by detoxifying agents, so modifications in hard treated products.
Physical detoxification methods:
✓ Dry and wet heat (in oven and autoclave treatments, roasting)
✓ gamma-rays (>4 kGy) , :check: ultrasounds (tricothencenes), :check: microwaves :red_cross:, ozone :check:, Plasma (oxidant power) :check:, supercritical CO2 :red_cross:
AF: removal by high pressure heating
Ergolines: unstable to heat.
DON: resistant toxin to heat inactivation
Fumonisins: quite stable to heat.
Chemical detoxification methods:
used for animal feed not for humans
biological detoxification: uso of m.o., use of malolactic fermentation. alcholic fermentation with ZEA contaminated maize: the alcohol produced is ZEA-free
MYCOTOXIN LEGISLATION
TDI (tollerabile day intake) by WHO and UE organization
Reg (CE) No 1881/2006: setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. AF B1, B2, G1, G2, M1. OTA, patulin, DON, ZEA, F :check:
Recommendation 2013/165/EU: T-2 and HT-2 toxins in cereals :question: raccomandazioni for ergot alkaloids, Alternaria-toxins
Mycotoxin analysis techniques
1) sampling
: homogeneous, representative, grain probes, automatic sampler,
Regulation (EC) No 401/2006,
SAMPLE PREPARATION DRY MILLING, SLURRY MILLING
2) Extraction:
liquid-liquid extraction / solid-liquid extraction
3) Clean-up
: Immunoaffinity Columns (IAC), QuEChERS is a Quick-Easy-Cheap-Effective-Rugged-Safe extraction, Columns SPE (Solid Phase Extraction)
4) Identification Detection and Quantification
(TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography), GC, HPLC, Lateral Flow, ELISA)