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Amanda Gil Period 3 Cardiovascular System - Coggle Diagram
Amanda Gil Period 3 Cardiovascular System
Major components and functions of the blood
Blood: type of connective tissue with a fluid matrix(plasma)
Functions:transports substances throughout the body, helps maintain homeostasis, transports nutrients and oxygen to body cells and removes metabolic wastes/co2
Red blood cells: respiratory gas transport, biconcave disc shape makes them flexible for traveling through blood vessels, have 1/3 -hemoglobin+ o2 gives blood its bright red color, produced from hematopietic cells
White blood cells: fighting infection,formed from hemocytoblasts in red bone marrow, types include:Granulocytes-neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, Agranulocytes-monocytes, lymphocytes
Platelets:stop bleeding, help repair damaged blood vessels by adhering to the broken edges, low platelet number increases the risk of internal bleeding
Normal blood ph: 7.35-7.45
Composition of blood: 45% formed elements 55% plasma
Plasma(liquid matrix): a mixture of water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, cellular waste- transports nutrients and gases, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, maintain optimal ph
average size adult has a blood volume of about 5.3 quarts/5 liters
cardiac cycle and ECG
Sinoatrial node: self exciting mass of specialized cardiac muscle serves as pacemaker, generates impulse for the heartbeat, located in R atrium
Atrioventricular Node: passes impulses to AV bundle, delaying signal until atria have stopped contracting, located in internal septum
ECG: a recording of the electrical changes that occur during a cardiac cycle, detected through electrical currents in the body fluids
AV Bundle: from AV node, impulses pass to AV bundle and travel down the interventricular septum
Cardiac conduction system: specialized cardiac muscle tissue conduct impulses throughout myocardium
Bundle Branches: AV bundles divide into L and R bundle branches under endocardium, give off -- Purkinje fibers: spread impulses to ventricular wall and papillary muscles, stimulates contraction of papillary muscles which cause ventricles to contract in a twisting upward motion
cardiac cycle events: atrial systole- atria contract while ventricular diastole- ventricle relax, ventricles contract while atrial diastole-atria relax then the entire heart relaxes for a brief moment
QRS complex: depolarization of ventricles, contraction of ventricles, repolarization of atria
semilunar valves close when ventricular pressure is lower than blood pressure in the aorta and pulmonary trunk
P wave: 1st wave , depolarization of atria, contraction of atria
pressure changes open/close valves
T wave: ventricular repolarization, ventricular relaxation
in early ventricular diastole: pressure in the atria is greater than in the ventricles, it forces AV open and allows ventricles to fill
amount of blood pumped at anytime must adjust to current needs of body
disorders of the cardiovascular system
Cerebrovascular Accident(Stroke): blood flow to a portion of the brain is interrupted
Causes: clogged arteries, aneurysm, age/race Symptoms: severe headache, memory loss, confusion Treatment: thrombolytics, blood thinners, physical therapy
Endocarditis & Myocarditis: inflammation of the heart
Causes: virus, bacterial or fungal infection, rheumatoid arthritis, heart valve damage Symptoms: chest pain, fever, fatigue Treatment: antibiotics, medication, diuretics
Peripheral Artery Disease(PAD): arteries narrow and reduce blood flow to extremities
Causes: limb trauma, radiation exposure, smoking Symptoms: leg/arm pain, weak pulse, intermittent claudication Treatment: medication, arterial angioplasty, bypass surgery
Congenital Heart Disease: issue with the heart structure and/or function present from birth
Causes: hereditary include- tetralogy of fallot, tricuspid atresia, and aortic stenosis Symptoms: cyanosis common, may be asymptomatic, may cause death Treatment: medication, surgical intervention, may heal on its own
Myocardial Infraction(heart attack): blood flow to part of the heart is blocked
Causes: blood clot, obesity, smoking Symptoms: chest pain, dizziness, sweating Treatment options: nitroglycerin, angioplasty, coronary bypass
Major functions of the cardiovascular system
closed circuit that consists of heart and blood vessels
vital for supplying oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing wastes from them
pulmonary circuit: carries oxygen poor blood to the lungs where it picks up oxygen and drops off Co2
systemic circuit: sends oxygen rich blood to all body cells where it drops off oxygen and picks up Co2
arteries: transport blood away from the heart
capillaries: vessels that run between arteries and veins
veins: transports blood toward the heart
heart sounds are due to vibrations in heart tissues as valves close
first sound is "lubb" and occurs as ventricles contract and av valves are closing
second sound is "dupp" and occurs when ventricles relax and aortic/pulmonary valves are closing
murmur: abnormal heart sound due to valve damage
Major blood vessels
basilic vein: superficial vein
inferior vena cava: below heart
cephalic vein: superficial vein
brachial vein: deep vein
axillary vein: armpit region
ulnar vein : deep vein
subclavian vein: clavicle/collarbone area
radial vein: deep vein
superior vena cava: above heart
common iliac vein: pelvis area
brachiocephalic vein: below neck/ upper chest
internal iliac vein: medial to common iliac vein
external jugular vein: lateral neck side
external iliac vein: lateral to common iliac vein
internal jugular vein: more medial position in neck
femoral vein: lateral to great saphenous
great saphenous vein:inner thigh
axillary artery: armpit area
subclavian artery: collar bone/ clavicle region
brachial artery: arm, below axillary artery
common carotid artery: neck
ulnar artery: pinky side of hand
radial artery: thumb side of hand
thoracic aorta: thoracic/chest region
abdominal aorta: below thoracic aorta and before common iliac artery
common iliac artery: below abdominal and closer to pelvic region
femoral artery: thigh area
anterior tibial artery:front side of inner part of leg
fibular artery: lateral side of leg
Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types
blood vessels are a closed circuit that carries blood away from the heart to cells and back again
Arteries: strong, elastic vessels adapted for carrying high pressure blood, become smaller as they divide and give rise to arterioles
Has 3 layers (innermost to outermost): tunica internal, tunica media, tunica externa
Capillaries: blood vessels with the smallest diameter, connect small arterioles to venules, constant exchange of respiratory gases, nutrients, and metabolic wastes
BP is higher in arteries, lower in arterioles, and even lower in capillaries and lowest veins
Venules: thinner wall than arteriole, less smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue, connects capillaries to vein
Veins: thinner wall than artery, transports blood under low pressure from venule to heart, valves present backflow and serve as blood reservoir
Capillary: single layer of squamous epithelium
Arteriole: thinner wall than artery with 3 layers, connect arteries and capillaries, hep control blood flow into capillary by vasoconstricting
Artery: thick, strong with 3 layers, transports blood under high pressure from heart to arteries
Anatomy of the heart
Superior/Inferior vena cava: bring blood back from systemic circuit to right atrium
coronary sinus: drains blood from myocardium into R atrium
Mitral valve: prevents blood from moving from l ventricle into r atrium during ventricular contraction
Right ventricle: thinner wall to pump blood only
chordae tendinae: attached to papillary muscles in inner wall of heart that contract during ventricular contraction to prevent backflow of blood through AV valves
Left ventricle:thicker wall to pump blood vessels where blood is pumped
AV valve(tricuspid and bicuspid): on each side to ensure one-way flow of blood from atria to ventricle
Tricuspid Valve: prevents blood from moving from r ventricle into r atrium during ventricular contraction
interventricular septum separates ventricle on right from left
Pulmonary valve: prevents blood from moving from pulmonary trunk into r ventricle during ventricular relaxation
thick muscled ventricles pump blood out of the heart
atria receive blood returning to the heart, have thin walls and ear-like auricles projecting exteriorly
4 chambers: 2 upper atria, 2 lower ventricles
Aortic valve: prevents blood from moving from aorta into l ventricle during ventricular relaxation
average adult size is 14cm long and 9cm wide
Heart: a hollow, cone shaped, muscular pump within the mediastinum in the thoracic cavity
Layers of the Heart
pericardium: membranous sac that encloses the heart, has 2 portions: fibrous and serous
fibrous pericardium: outer, tougher, connective tissue
Serous pericardium: inner, more delicate, double layered
pericardial pericardium: space between parietal and visceral that contains serous fluid for reducing friction
visceral pericardium: inner layer of serous membrane that covers the heart
Parietal pericardium: outer layer of serous membrane that lines the inner surface of fibrous pericardium
Wall of the heart: Epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium
Myocardium: middle, thickest layer, consists of cardiac muscle, pumps blood out of heart chambers
Endocardium: inner layer, contains Purkinje fibers, made up of connective tissue & epthelium, continuos with endothelium of major vessels joining the heart
Epicardium: outermost layer, serous membrane made up of connective tissue & epithelium, decreases friction in heart
ABO, Rh Blood types
Type B: B antigens on rbc membranes, Anti A antibodies in plasma
Type AB(universal recipient): both A&B antigens on rbc membrane, no antibodies in plasma
Type A : A antigens on rbc membrane, Anti B antibodies in plasma
Type O(universal donor): neither antigen on rbc, both antibodies in plasma
ABO blood types are based on the presence or absence of 2 antigens on rbc membranes (antigens a and b)
Blood types are inherited
Rh blood groups includes many rh antigens/factors: most common is antigen d
If antigen d is present in someones rbc they are Rh positive
If antigen is absent they are Rh negative
vital signs
Hear Rate
average adult resting heart rate:70-75bpm - normal range is 60-100bpm
bradycardia: resting heart rate is less than 60 bpm
tachycardia:resting heart rate is greater than 100 bpm
changes in response to autonomic nervous system: sympathetic impulses increase speed and strength of heart contractions, heart rate is decreased by parasympathetic impulses
Blood Pressure
force blood exerts against inner walls of blood vessels
Arterial BP: rises and falls according to a pattern established by the cardiac cycle: systolic and diastolic
diastolic pressure: minimun arterial pressure reached during ventricular relaxation (diastole) just before next contraction
systolic pressure: maximum arterial pressure reached during ventricular contraction (systole)
a sphygomomanometer is used to measure BP
BP no higher than 120/80(systolic/diastolic) at rest is normal
BP lowers as distance from the L ventricle increases
factors that impulse arterial bp: increase in blood volume, heart rate, stroke volume, blood viscosity, and peripheral resistance
Blood pressure decrease/ increases depending on body position- standing, sitting, laying down
Pulse
pulse increases as we exercise
alternating expansion and recoil of wall of an artery as ventricles contract/relax can be felt at certain points on the body
Blood flow through the heart and body
deoxygenated blood goes through the superior and inferior vena cava to enter the right atrium
blood goes through the tricuspid valve, into the right ventricle
blood exits the right ventricle through the pulmonary semilunar valve and goes through the pulmonary trunk to the pulmonary artery
it goes to the left and right blood to pick up oxygen
Oxygenated blood reaches the heart via pulmonary veins
it reaches the left atrium and then goes through the bicuspid/mitral valve to reach the left ventricle
oxygenated blood exits the left ventricle via aortic semilunar valve
It goes through the aorta and then blood is distributed to the body