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Antioxidants, main losses are caused by food production, High…

- - - - Sources
        
        Pre-formed Animal Sources = Retinoids
        
        Forms of Retinoids
        
        Retinol
        
        Prevents oxidative stress (atheroschlerosis, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases)
        
        Keeps the cornea in healthy condition
        
        Increases proliferation of skin cells (via keratinocytes)
        
        Retinal
        
        The first molecule in the process of transforming photons of light into electrical signals
        
        Absorbs light at specific wavelengths and is converted from cis-retinal to trans-retinal
        
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        Retinoic acid
        
        Helps support reproduction and embryonic development
        
        Helps cells reproduce (cellular differentiation)
        
        Helps in bone resorption
        
        Immune System Function
        
        Critical role in the development of both T and B cells
        
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        Retinoid Deficiency Effects (1-2 years to develop symptoms
        
        Reproduction and Embryogenesis
        
        Failure for males and females to reproduce (animal tests)
        
        Problems during embryonic development
        
        Fetal resorption
        
        Congenital malformation (jaw malformation)
        
        Growth delay (if there are deficiencies at birth)
        
        Immune Function
        
        Increases susceptibility to viral infection
        
        Diminishes function of cells involves in innate immunity and the antigen presentation
        
        Inhibits the ability of mucosal barrier to regenerate
        
        Decreased adaptive immunity response
        
        Diminishes antibody-mediated (humoral) responses
        
        Epithelial Tissue and Mucous Membranes
        
        Decreases mucous membrane production via loss of Goblet cells
        
        Alters the tissue cells lining the organs/glands
        
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        Vision
        
        Night Blindness
        
        Blindness
        
        Xerophthalmia: causes cornea to become dry
        
        corneal ulcers
        
        corneal ruptures
        
        corneal scarring
        
        Rich sources of Retinoid
        
        Beef, Calf, and Chicken Liver
        
        Eggs (yolk)
        
        Milk (fortified)
        
        Retinoid Intoxication
        
        Sources
        
        Food intake
        
        Teratogenic to fetuses
        
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        Supplements
        
        Pro-oxidant effects
        
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        Acne Treatments (for teenagers)
        
        Accutane (oral)
        
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        Retin-A (topical)
        
        Types of Toxicity
        
        Acute Toxicity
        
        A single large overdose of Retinoid
        
        Chronic
        
        Chronic use of 10X the DRI for retinoids overtime
        
        Teratogenic Toxicity
        
        Supplemental Retinoids consumed during pregnancy
        
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        Pro-formed Plants source = Carotenoids
        
        Beta-carotene
        
        Neutralizes and Protects against the oxidation of LDL
        
        Function
        
        Protects against UV radiation from the sun and prevents erythema of skin
        
        Slows progression of macular degeneration in the eyes
        
        Affects the immune system
        
        At high levels = Upregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines
        
        At moderate levels = Upregulates anti-inflammatory cytokines
        
        Antioxidant
        
        Protects against the oxidation of LDL
        
        Accumulates in the subcutaneous fat under the skin, in the liver, and in adipose tissue
        
        Hypercarotenemia
        
        yellowish-orange pigmentation of the skin
        
        Low bioavailability compared to Retinol
        
        12μg beta-carotene ~ 1 μg retinol = 1RAE
        
        Liver converts beta-carotene to a form of retinoids (retinol/retinal)
        
        Non-essential Nutrient
        
        Non-toxic
        
        fat soluable
        
        Rich Sources of Carotenoids
        
        Carrots
        
        Broccoli
        
        Papaya
    - - Sources
        
        mostly plants
        
        nuts, seeds, oils, egg yolk
      - Properties
        
        fat soluable
        
        stored in adipose tissue
        
        ready to inactivate any lipid radical
        
        <10% stored in cell membranes and liver
        
        helps maintain membrane integrity
        
        primarily cell membrane in lungs
        
        protects DNA and other cellular compounds from oxidative damage
        
        reduces platelet aggregation by inhibiting enzyme kinase C
        
        Non-antioxidant role
        
        required for successful reproduction
        
        inhibits enzyme required for platelet aggregation
        
        readily destroyed by heat, oxygen and light
        
        neutralize free radicals via donation of an electron to unpaired electron in outer orbital
        
        moderate bioavailability (20-70%)
      - RDA: Adults 15mg/d, UL:1000mg/d
        
        Toxicity
        
        primarily caused by supplement use
        
        continued intake of +800-1200mg/d
        
        symptoms: muscle weakness, fatigue, nausea, diarrhea
        
        can lead to uncontrolled bleeding when taken with anticoagulants (ex. aspirin)
        
        Deficiency
        
        high risk: preterm infants
        
        vitamin E transfers from the pregnant person to the fetus in the last few weeks of pregnancy
        
        Hemolytic Anemia
        
        lose red blood cell membrane content
        
        RBC unable to carry sufficient oxygen for cell use
        
        causes fatigue, lethargy
  - - - Sources
        
        plant
        
        citrus fruit and green vegetables, red cabbage
        
        easily lost in food processing and cooking through heat, oxygen, and baking soda
        
        L-ascorbic acid (reduced)
        
        protects by donating hydrogens with their electrons to free radicals, becoming oxidized
        
        primary action
        
        L-dehydroascorbic acid (oxidized)
        
        readily accepts hydrogens to become ascorbic acid
        
        REDOX reaction is KEY to the role of Vitamin C
      - Properties
        
        acts as a reducing agent
        
        high absorption from food
        
        not as well absorbed in supplements
        
        water soluble
        
        acts in the extracellular and intracellular fluid
        
        excess excreted in urine
        
        restores vitamin E to active antioxidant form
        
        keeps folate (B-vitamin) coenzyme intact
        
        Non-antioxidant roles
        
        helps with collagen synthesis
        
        enhances iron bioavability
        
        converts Fe3+ to more absorbable Fe2+
        
        physical effect on body
        
        exudes wound healing and prevents bruising (non-antioxidant role)
        
        ensures integrity of skin, connective tissue, scar tissue
      - Deficiency
        
        people at risk : alcoholics, smokers, burn patients
        
        people who also have a nutrient poor diet
        
        smokers need additional 35mg/day on top of RDA
        
        helps combat oxidants produced by cigarette smoking
        
        causes scurvy
        
        weakness, petechiae, bleeding gums, loose teeth, joint pains, and wound do not heal
        
        can be treated by 100mg/d for 5 days
        
        causes widespread tissue breakdown
        
        due to lack of collagen synthesis
      - Toxicity
        
        megadose : >10x DRI
        
        very rare cases
        
        excess seen in diarrhea
        
        RDI: males 90mg/d, Females 75mg/d
        
        UL: 2000mg/day
        
        prooxidant : can release iron from protein
        
        free iron may cause cellular damage by promoting free radicals
        
        rebound scurvy
        
        when high levels are reduced to normal very quickly
        
        may cause kidney stones
        
        increase risk of stone formation in renal patients
- - - - Destabilizes molecules
    - - Electron transfer during metabolic reactions
      - ATP generation
      - Immune system function
      - Exposure to environmental factors
        
        Pollution
        
        Radiation exposure
        
        Excessive Sunlight
        
        Toxic substances
        
        Tobacco smoke
    - - Superoxide radical (O2-)
      - Hydroxyl radical (OH)
      - Nitric oxide (NO)
    - - Cell Membranes
      - Cellular Proteins
      - Blood LDL
      - Nuclear DNA
- - - - Food Sources
        
        plant and animal proteins
        
        vegetables
        
        grains
        
        produce grown in selenium rich soil
        
        eggs
        
        milk
        
        liver & meats
        
        seafood & shellfish
      - typical intake 2-5x the RDA- supplementation is NOT normally needed
    - - Regulated by kidneys
      - Thyroid Hormones
        
        Se required for conversion from T4 to T3
        
        T3: Triiodothyronine
        
        More biologically active than T4
        
        T4: Thyroxine
        
        Largerly inactive
        
        Regulation of basal metabolism, development, amd regulation of body temperature
    - - Cofactor for glutathione peroxide enzyme that protects cell membranes
        
        reduction of the production and destruction of free radicals
        
        spares the need/use for vitamin E
      - destroys free radicals
    - - Seen where the local soil is lacking selenium and the individual is consuming mostly local foods.
        
        Not very common in North America, as the soil in generally selenium rich.
      - Cardiomyopathy (Keshan's Disease)
        
        Severe joint pain and heart muscle disease
    - - Symptoms: nausea and vomiting
      - not caused by food, only by supplements. >1mg/day