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BLOOD, ANEMIA, thrombus: clot that persists in unbroken blood vessel -…

- - - - vascular spasm: smooth muscle contracts, causing vasoconstriction
        
        platelet plug formation: postive feedback; injury exposes underlying collagen fiber; platelets adhere and release chemicals that makes nearby platelets sticky; plug forms
        
        coagulation: fibrin proteins form a mesh that trap RBCs and platelets, forms clot
        
        series of reaction using clotting factors (procoagulants). mostly plasma proteins; vitamin K needed to synthesize
        
        prothrombin
        
        thrombin
        
        1 more item...
        
        intrinsic: factors needed for clotting is within the blood
        
        extrinsic: tissue factors it requires is outside of blood
        
        factor x: forms prothrombin activator
        
        clot retraction: actin/myosin contract to pull on fibrin strands to draw ruptured edges of blood vessels together
        
        platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF): released by platelets to divide cells and rebuild vessel wall.
        
        Serotonin & thromboxane A2: enhance vascular spasm and platelet agression
        
        ADP: causes platelets to stick and relase contents
- - - - electrolytes: cations & anions, maintains pH, osmotic pressure; ex. sodium, calcium, phosphate, etc.
      - plasma protein: immune response, transporting lipids/ions, blood clotting
        
        albumin: produces by liver; maintains blood osmotic pressure, acts as a blood buffer & carrier molecule
        
        globulin: involved in transport of lipids and immune response
        
        alpha/beta: transport proteins like transferrin (iron-carrying) or others that bind to lipids
        
        gamma: antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response
        
        fibrinogen: necessary for coagulation
    - - electrolytes
      - nutrients
      - proteins
      - gases
      - wastes
  - - - female: 42%
      - male- 47%
    - - hemoglobin: four heme, four globin; each globin has own heme, each hemee has iron, transports four O2 for each iron
        
        deoxyhemoglobin: reduced hemoglobin
        
        carbaminohemoglobin: carbon dio
        
        oxyhemoglobin: lungs
        
        fetal hemoglobin is called hemoglobin F, which has a higher affinity for oxygen
      - erythropoiesis: formation of RBCs; stem cell transform to myeloid cells which transforms to proerythroblast
      - EPO: stimulates formation of RBCs, produced by kidneys; maintains levels of RBCs; targets red bone marrow
      - death occurs when macrophage break them down; globin into amino acids, iron is stored in liver or put in new hemoglobin, heme turns to bilirubin (pigment added to bile in liver); trapped mainly in spleen
      - blood doping: increase hematocrit
      - generate ATP anaerobic mechanisms (not requiring oxygen) & do not consume any oxygen they carry, making them efficient oxygen transporters
      - spectrin: gives shape to erythrocytes, maintains its biconcavity
      - polycythemia: abnormally high number of RBCs; can be caused by bone marrow cancer or high altitudes
    - - granulocytes: visible granules
        
        eosinophil: pinkish cytoplasm; attacks parasitic worms & play complex role in allergies/asthma
        
        basophil: rarest WBC, large purple granules that stain dark, releases histamine & heparin to reduce inflammation
        
        heparin: natural anticoagulant
        
        mast cell: detect foreign substances, typically found in connective tissue
        
        neutrophil: most numerous, multi-lobed; self-destruct after destroying pathogen; elevated w acute infection
        
        respiratory burst: metabolizing oxygen to produce bleach & hydrogen to kill bacteria
      - agranulocytes
        
        lymphocyte: small agranulocyte with a lifespan from few hours to decades
        
        b-cell: give rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies
        
        t-cell: act against virus & tumor cells
        
        monocyte: largest of WBC, u-shaped nucleus: elevated w chronic infection
        
        macrophages: move out of blood stream, occupy tissues; associated with chronic infections
      - interleukins: stimulates WBC production
      - leukocytosis: overproduction of WBCS; caused by infection
      - diapedesis: passage of WBCs through vessel walls into tissue
    - - prostaglandin derivates: ex. thromboxane a2
      - thrombocytopenia: platelet deficiency resulting in spontaneous bleeding from vessels
  - - - erythropoiesis: triggered by hypoxia
        
        basophilic erythroblast: makes ribosomes to create hemoglobin
        
        polychromatic erythroblast:
        
        orthochromatic erythroblast: ejects organelles and become biconcave
        
        reticulocyte: still have reticulum (ribosomes)
        
        erythrocyte: leaves RBM and enters blood stream; biconcave
      - leukopoiesis
        
        lymphoid stem cells: produce lymphocytes
        
        myeloid stem cell: produce other elements
        
        proeythroblast
        
        myeloblast
        
        granulocytes
        
        monoblast
      - megakaryoblast
        
        megakaryocytes: place platelets into blood by passing through a wall off sinusoidal capillaries in red marrow