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MODULE 5 - Coggle Diagram
MODULE 5
DNA AND POLYPEPTIDE SYNTHESIS
modelling eukaryotes and prokaryotes
process of polypeptide synthesis
Transcription and Translation
Importance of mRNA and tRNA
function
to make proteins that are used for:
transport
structure
repair
importance/significance
how genes and environment affect phenotypic expression
5.2 CELL REPLICATION
How important is it for genetic material to be replicated
EXACTLY
Cell replication processes
mitosis
asexual
PMAT
Prophase
chromosomes are condensing (thickening and becoming more visible)
the homologous pairs cross over, swapping their genes
nuclear membrane breaks down
eg. humans have 46 chromosomes per body cell
Anaphase
The
chromatids
are pulled by the spindle fibres to either side of the cell. (92 chromatids split into 2 x 46 chromatids on each side)
Metaphase
the chromosomes line up in one line in middle of cell (1 x 46 chromosomes)
Telophase + Cytokinesis
the cell splits into 2 where 2 nuclear membranes form around the 2 sets of 46 chromosomes --> 2 new
identical
cells
Interphase
Cell functioning
DNA replication
46 chromosomes (46 chromatids) --> 46 chromosomes (92 chromatids) - counted by the centromeres
Cell growth
produce IDENTICAL body cells --> for GRR??
meiosis
process for sexual reproduction
produce gametes (ova and sperm) - 1/2 x 2n
n - gametes (HAPLOID)
PMAT PMAT
Prophase I
23 pairs of a homologous pair (2 chromosomes - same size, same shape, same DNA) are crossing over (genetic exchange) --> makes recombinant chromosomes
Metaphase I
the 23 pairs line up in the middle of the cell - nuclear membrane breaks down
Anaphase I
spindle fibres pull away a chromosome per pair on each side
Telophase I
Nuclear membrane forms around the 2 sets of 23 chromosomes
Prophase II
In each cell of 23 chromosomes, the chromosomes condense and thicken
Metaphase II
the 23 chromosomes line up in a single file along middle of cell
Anaphase II
the chromatids of each chromosome are pulled to the sides using spindle fibres
Telophase II
nuclear membrane forms around each of the 4 sets of chromosomes --> each are GENETICALLY DIFFERENT GAMETES OF HAPLOIDS
DNA replication (Watson and Crick DNA model)
chromosomes made of protein and DNA
chromosomes used to organise all the DNA we have in our bodies
assessing effect of these processes on species' continuity
mitosis
meiosis
quite efficient - requires less energy expendited (no partner required, making identical cells, only one set of the process)
DNA replication
GENETIC VARIATION
5.1. REPRODUCTION