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Mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi - Coggle Diagram
Mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi
Ochratoxins
Produced by several Aspergillus and Penicillium: A. ochraceus grown on tropical and sub-tropical crops (coffee, cocoa) / A. alliaceus: dried fruit / A. carbonarius + A. niger grown on grape / P. verrucosum grown on cereals
mono/pluri gastic effect,
Group 2
--> gastroenteritis, immunodeficiency, abortion, cancers
RASFF
Aflatoxins
produced by Aspergillus species, B1, B2 (emit blue) G1 e G2 (emit green) fluorescence by UV light
Acute (food rejection) / chronic (liver cancer) toxicity
spread in developing country (tropical A. parasiticus), inappropriate storage conditions,
B1 trasforma in M1 (carry over) in cowas, milk and dairy product
avoid micotoxins (secondary metabolites) reducing humidity (stress condition), alfatoxins are produced if there aren't the optimal condition growth for mould
diseases: aflatoxicosis (Turkey X Disease) Indian Infantile Cirrhosis, Reye Syndrome, Human liver cancer (0.2-10 mg/kg)-->
Group 1
Zearalenones
by F. graminearum (Gibberella zeae) and F. culmorum.
Favourable conditions: moisture content in products: 20-22%, day temperature about 22-25°C and night temperature about 12-15°C
on cereals
pig are susceptible cause hormonal imbalance activities., hypofertility, estrogenic syndrome, Rectal prolapse
Trichothecenes
Trichothecenes A --> T-2 toxin /
Trichothecenes B --> deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin), nivalenol
Type A, B, C, and D.
Favourable conditions: moisture content in products: 20-22%, day temperature about 22-25°C and night temperature about 12-15°C
Leaving large inoculum (maize) for the following crop (wheat)
non carcinogenic substances of
Group 3
(IARC).
T-2 toxin have a higher dermotoxic, haemorrhagic and immunosuppressiv
DON cause Emetic Syndrome (and food reject syndrome):
Malformation of pigs due to Trichothecenes
Fumonisins
Aspergillus niger (black aspergilli) --> fumonisin B2 (gray wine)
by F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum.
Agents of disease of stems and of
pink rot
of the corn ear
FB1 --> Group 2B: definitely carcinogens for animals and possibly for humans
enzyme ceramide synthase, transform sphinganine into sphingosine, Degradation of the myelin of axons --> nervous system problem
Ergots (
alkaloids
of Claviceps) --> ergotism --> Neuroumoral effects, Effects on CNS /
Convulsions or gangrenous
rye
: infected plants