Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Cardiovascular System Anatomy and Physiology P3 Karla Ruiz - Coggle Diagram
Cardiovascular System Anatomy and Physiology P3 Karla Ruiz
Major components and functions of Blood
Blood transports substances throughout the body, helps maintain homeostasis and distributes heat
Blood contains: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. 45% formed elements and 55% plasma.
Circulatory System: blood, heart, blood vessels.
red blood cell, white blood cell and platelets are called formed elements.
Blood: connective tissue with fluid matrix (plasma)
Plasma: makes 55 percent of blood volume, white blood cells and platelets <1% and 45% red blood cell.
Biconcave discs makes the RBC flexible as they travel through the blood vessels.
hemoglobin: transports oxygen and some carbon dioxide through the blood when oxygen combines with hemoglobin, it forms oxyhemoglobin. When Oxygen is released deocyhemoglobin (brighter red)
RBBC production: erythopoises
number of rbc in circulation determines the blood oxygen - carrying capacity.
RBC prduction is knwon as erythropoiesis
Iron is needed for hemoglobin synthesis, iron comes from replacing old red blood cells.
White blood cells
Granulocytes, Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, Agranulocytes, Monocytes, Lymphocyte, Plateley (thrombocyte)
Layers of the heart
Parietal Pericardium: Outer layer, lines surface of fibrous Pericardium.
Visceral Pericardium (Epicardium): Inner layer, covers heart.
Pericardial Cavity: Space between the visceral and parietal layers, contains serous fluid for reducing friction between the layers.
Pericardium: membrane sac that encloses the heart. Split into two portions: Fibrous pericardium, outer tough connective tissue and the inner most delicate double layered Serous Pericardium.
Wall Of heart
Myocardium: Middle layer: consists of cardiac muscle, and is the thickest layer of the heart wall, pumps blood out the heart chambers.
Endocardium: Innermost layer, made up of connective tissue and epithelium, continuous with the endothelial of major vessels.
Epicardium: (Visceral Pericardium): The outermost layer, a serous membrane made of conenctive tissue and eipthelium.
Anatomy of the heart (including all chambers, and valves)
4 Chambers: Right atrium Left Atrium; Right Ventricle and Left Ventricle.
Average adult size: 14 cm long and 9cm wide (fist size)
base: lies beneath second rib
apex: extends to fifth inter coastal space.
pericardium: membranous sac that encloses the heart
Auricles: ear like projecting from the anterior,they cover the atria.
Tricuspid Valve and Bicuspid valve: valve have cusps to which chordanei tendie attach.
Chordane tendinae: attach to papillary muscles in the inner wall of heart; muscles contract during ventricular contraction to prevent the back flow of blood through AV Valves.
coronary sinus: drains blood from the myocardium into the right atrium.
aortic semilunar valve and pulmonary semilunar valve.
aorta: branches into 3, brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery.
pulmonary veins, pulmonary arteries. right coronary artery, cardiac vein.
inferior and superior vena cava.
aortic arch
endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
Major functions of the cardiovascular system
tricuspid valve: prevetrns blood from the moving from the right ventricle into the right atrium during ventricular contraction
pulmonay valve: prevents blood from moving from the pulmonary trunk to the right ventricle
provides circulation throughout the body
mitral valve: prevents blood from moving from the left ventricle into the left atrium during ventricular contraction.
Cardiovascular system: closed circuit of heart anf blood vessels arteries, capillaries, and veins.
Aortic Valve: Prevents blood from moving from the aorta to the left ventricle
Right side of the heart: provides circulation to the lungs (pumps blood only to lungs) while the left side is pumping blood to the whole body which is why we notice that being the bigger side.
Conduct impulses throughout the myocardium that allows pulse.
controls blood pressure.
ABO, Rh blood types
Graph View: Blood Type---> Antigen ----> Antibody:
AB ----> A and B ---> Neither anti-A or anti-B
O ----> neither A nor B ----> Both Anti A and Anti B
B ----> B----> Anti-A
A ---> A----> Anti-B
Antigen: A molecule that evokes an immune response
Preferred and permissible Blood Types
If A+, A+ is preferring, A- O+ O- is permissible.
If A-, A- is preferable, O- is permissible.
If B-, B- is preferred, O- is permissible
If B+, B+ is preferred, B-, O+, O- is permissible.
If AB-, AB- is preferred, A- B- O- is permissible.
If AB+, AB+ is preferred, any is peremissible.
If O-, O- is preferred, None is permissible.
If O+, O+ is preferred, O- is permissible.
Antibody: A protein produced by the immune system to attack a specific antigen not found in the persons own cells.
Universal Recipient: Type AB Blood. Plasma does not obtain Anti A or B antibodies. Can receive transfusion of RBCs from only 4 types.
Universal Donor: Type O blood. RBC membrane does not contain Antigen A or B. Can be Transfused into a person with any of the 4 types.
Rh blood group: The most common Antigen group is Antigen D. Two ways in which RH negative individuals can contact RH positive: Transfusion or Pregnancy.
Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types (arteries, veins,
capillaries)
Arteries: Thick wall, with three layers: endothelial lining, middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue and outer layer of connective tissue. Transports blood during high pressure from heart to the arterioles.
Veins: Thinner wall than an artery with similar layers (3) however the middle layer is much thinner and some veins have valves. Functions: Veins transport blood under low pressure from a venule to the heart. Valves prevent backflow of blood, serves as a blood reservoir.
Capillaries: Single layer (1) of squamous epithelium. Functions: Allows nutrients, gases, and wastes to be exchanged between the blood and tissue fluid. Connect the arterioles to venules.
Arterioles: thinner wall than artery with also 3 layers. Connect artery to a capillary and helps control blood flow into a capillary.
Venule: thinner wall than arteriole less smooth than muscle. Connects a capillary to a vein.
Blood flow through the heart and body
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Right atrium
Pulmonary semilunar valve
pulmonay trunk
Pulmonary arteries
to the left/right lung
Deoxeganted blood enter the body
Into Superior/Inferior Vena Cava
blood becomes oxygenated
Left/Right Pulmonary Vein
Left Atrium
Bicuspid/Mitral Valve
Left Ventricle
Aortic Semilunar Valve
Aorta
Cardiac cycle and the ECG
The heart then relaxes for a second.
SA NODE: a self-exiting mass of specialiszed cardiac muscle which serves as the pacemaker loocated in the posterior (right atrium) generated the impules for the heartbeat from the SA, impulses spread to antrioventricualr AV node: passes impulses to the AV bundle, delaying the signal until atria have finished contracting.
Then, ventricles contravt whiule the atria relaxes.
Cardiac muscle cells: work like skeletal muscle cells but the cardiac muscle cells are arranged in branching networks
The cardiac cycle consists of: atria contacting (atrial Systole) while ventricles relax (cventricular diastoile)
Electrocardiogram: a recording of the electrical changes that occur during a cardiac cycle.
Components
P wave: first wave, which corresponds to the depolarization of the atria, tyhis leads to the contraction of the atria
QRS Complex: corresponds to the depolarization of ventricles, which leads to contraction of the ventricles, the repolarization of the atria occurs during the QRS complex, but is hidden behinf the larger ventricualr event.
T wave: corresponds to the ventricular repolarization and leads to ventricular relaxation.
Heart Sounds
First heart sound:. occurs as ventricles contract and AV valve are closing.
Second heart sound: dupp: lubb occurs as ventricles relax and aortic and pulmonary valves are closing
Major blood vessels (names arteries and veins)
5 Blood Vessels
Capillaries: Single layer (1) of squamous epithelium. Functions: Allows nutrients, gases, and wastes to be exchanged between the blood and tissue fluid. Connect the arterioles to venules.
Smallest diameters, connect small arterioles to venules. Exchange of respiratory gases, nutrients, between capilalaries and tissue fluid occurs here.
Venules: Venule: thinner wall than arteriole less smooth than muscle. Connects a capillary to a vein.
Veins: Thinner wall than an artery with similar layers (3) however :the middle layer is much thinner and some veins have valves. Functions: Veins transport blood under low pressure from a venule to the heart. Valves prevent backflow of blood, serves as a blood reservoir.
Arteries: Thick wall, with three layers: endothelial lining, middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue and outer layer of connective tissue. Transports blood during high pressure from heart to the arterioles.
Wall of an artery: Tunica Interna: innermost, Tunica Media: thick middle layer, Tunica externa: outermost layer connective tissue.
major blood vessels of the heart
aorta
superior vena cava, inferior vena cava
pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
coronary arteries
Vital signs (BP and Pulse)
venules and veins leading from capillaries merge to from larger veins that return to blood.
Larger vein, larger the blood vessel.
Blood pressure moves blood through lumen of arteries and arterioles. BP decreased with distance from heaty, so BP is the greatest in arteries, lower in arterioles and even lower in capillary and veins.
13.3 Blood Pressure
force blood exerts against ther inner wall of blood vessels
BP exists all through the cardiovascualr system.
"blood pressure" refers to systemic arterial pressure.
Systolic Pressure: maximum A pressure reached during ventricular contraction (systole)
Diastolic pressure: Minimum arterial pressure reached during ventricular relaxation (diastole), just before next contraction.
BP decrease as distance from left ventricle increases
Blood pressure is proportional to blood volume
Pulse
Common pulse points include radial artery, carotid artery, brachial artery and femoral artery.
average beats per minute is 72/bpm.
The alternating expansion and recoil of the wall of arterys the ventricles contrast and relax felt as pulse.
Peripheral Resistance: Friction between blood and walls of blood vessels is a force.: Peripheral hinder blood flow;
Viscosity: Difficulty with which molecule in a fluid flow past each other.
Disorders of the cardiovascular system
Cerebrovascular Accident (stroke): Blood flow to a portion on the brain is interrupted.Cause: Blood clot in artery to brain, high blood pressure, diabetes. Symptoms: severe headcase, memory loss, muscle weakness. Treatment: Blood thinner, Physical therapy, lifestyle changes.
Peripheral Artery Disease: Arteries narrow and reduce blood flow to extremities. Cause: Atherosclerosis, blood vessels inflammation, diabetes. Symptoms: legend arm pain, wounds that will not heal, weak pulse. Treatment: medication, life sytle changes, arterial angioplasty.
Endocarditis and Myocarditis: Inflammation of the Heart: Virus Bacterial or Fungal, Allergic reaction, heart valve damage. Symptoms: heart palpitations, fatigue, fever, edema. Treatment: antibiotics, medication, divertics.
Myocardial Infarction ( Heart Attack): Description: Blood flow to heart is blocked. Causes: Blood Clot, Obesity, or plaque in coronary arteries. Symptoms: Chest pain, pain radiating to arm, sweating. Treatment Options: Open heart surgery, coronary bypass, angioplasty.
Congenital Heart Disease: Issue with heart structure and or function present from birth. Causes: tetra logy of fall, tricuspid atresia, aortic steriosis. Symptoms: dependent condition, cyanosis common, may cause death. Treatment: Medication. surgical intervania, some abnormalities.
anemia: not enough iron is being produced which can cause anemia. There are different type of anemias some are more severe than the other.
