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LETTERATURA :flag-gb:THE SHORT OXFORD... - Coggle Diagram

- - - - In 1543 the union was reinforced when Wales was organized into 12 counties on the English model, English common law was introduced, and seats in the Westminster Parliament allocated.
        
        the status of Wales changed from that of an
        occupied province to that of an integral part of a single (English) realm
        
        it was ordered to all the inhabitants of
        Irland to speak the language of its rulers and to adopt English styles of dress.
        
        The ‘imperial’ dynastic relations of the Tudor monarchs with the still independent Kingdom of Scotland proved as fraught as their attempts to subdue Ireland.
        
        it was James VI (Elizabeth's godson) who was ultimately to unite the Crowns of England and
        Scotland as Elizabeth’s approved successor in 1603.
        
        The sixteenth century witnessed changes in national life as radical as any
        
        2 more items...
- - - - The so-called ‘Skeltonic metre’ takes its name from Skelton’s clever repetitions of tumblingly breathless short lines with two or three accents and an indefinite number of syllables.
- - - - It is a proto-Welfare State in which the old are honoured and the young are taught to be conformist and respectful; dress is uniform and meals are served in communal canteens. The more we know of it, the more Utopia emerges as a society of improbable virtue and equally improbable high-mindedness.
        
        It is a place which has abolished original sin, the prospect of redemption, and the idea of history. Nothing changes because its ideology insists that it has fulfilled all human aspirations.
- - - - it was he who took responsibility for the first official dissemination of the Bible in the English language.
        
        When Henry died in 1547,Edward VI remained under the influence of the
        powerful Protestant aristocrats, who served as counsellors during his six years as king.
        
        When Edward died in 1553, his devoutly Catholic sister and successor, Mary, attempted to undo
        systematically the reforming zeal of the two previous reigns
        
        Mary’s short-lived attempt to reconcile
        England to Rome died with her in November 1558.
        
        Elizabeth chose religious and political expediency, striving throughout her reign to shape and consolidate a national Church
        
        The Reformers of the English Church placed a consistent stress on the use of the vernacular in worship and on the importance of of the Holy Scriptures in a scholarly translation which freed them from the distortions and inaccuracies of the Latin Vulgate.
- - - - Poetry was, from the first, the encourager of learning
  - - - The main emphasis of the second and third books of his treatise falls upon attempts to define and explain genre, form, metre, and imagery.
  - - - The philosopher, Sidney argues, teaches obscurely because he addresses himself to ‘them that arealready taught’; the poet, by contrast, is ‘the foode for the tenderest stomacks’. When poetry, and lyric poetry above all, gives delight it also breeds virtue.
    - - most clearly distinguishes it from Sidney’s earlier treatment of the interaction of courtship with the courtly graces.
        
        The 108 sonnets, and the eleven songs which diversify the sequence, describe the development of the unrequited love of a star-lover for a distant star. The difference between the two classical tongues suggests the irreconcilable nature of the relationship
- - - - the Queen ruled a court which embodied the idea of unchanging perfection. Her person was to be compared to that of the chaste moon-goddesses
      - Even the inevitable process of human ageing was ignored not simply by poets but by a royal Council
- - - - for shapekspear and his contemporaries the nature of tragedy seems to require that it explored the sad stories of kings or of men and women dignified by royal blood or civil authority
        
        an exeplary fall had to be a fall from hight of influence and honour
        
        tragedy was reinforced by explicit enactments of the death of kings
        
        Shakespeare tragedies deal almost exclusively with the Destinis of kings and princes on whose fortune depend those of nations they rule
        
        Shakespeare's tragic world is uncertain, dangerous and mortal and the catastrophe to which all his tragic dramas inexorably move are sealed by the deaths of their protagonists
        
        the fall (means also the collapse of the entire comunity)
    - - uneasy society hasted by ideas of assassination. ready to extract information from suspects by torture and to execute those it deemed to be traitors according to the ritual of public hanging, drawing and quartering
        
        the idea of murder as politically expedient may have seemed repugnant to the professionally self righteous but assassination was by no means a remote or alien pheonomenon
    - - that reality of the Scottish past reflecting the present life in Britain
    - - suicide for many members of Shakespeares first audience remained a damnable act a rash end to present woes or accumulated sins on earth or a dark act of despair
        
        in romeo and Juliet rush into death 4 freedom disaprng escape- in Othello and Antony and Cleopatra suicide is seen as a noble culmination
        
        Antony death is seen as the proper response of a general to military failure and as the only alterative to public disgrace
        
        immortal freedom
        
        cleopatra death suggests a possibility of a final reunion with her husband
        
        king lear insistently explore the awkward and uncomfortable aspects of the human condition
        
        all 3 plays shift away from discussion of the ideological political and social values of 17th century Europe to a consideration of more aline and alienated worlds where all human values and human relationships are called into question
        
        pre christian britian: goneril-> despairing sucide and glowchester->failed attempt
        
        tragedy derives not from inevitable death but from Shakespeares reversing expectation -> comic pattern
        
        lear died worn out by life not with no soldier dignity
        
        Othello : honor
        
        christian society decided between baptized and heathen