Unit I: Psychology’s History and Approaches

Unit II: Research Methods

different approaches

levels of analysis

Structuralism

Functionalism

Humanistic Psychology

Psychodynamic perspective

Evolutionary perspective

roots

Behaviorism

Cognitive view

Sociocultural view

Psychology

study of behavior and mind

contemporary psychology

subfields

biological

psychological

social-cultural

socrates

mind is separated from body

knowledge is innate

Aristotle

empiricism

Rene Descartes

human behaviors based on activity of nervous system

innate ideas

Francis Bacon

modern science

John Locke

empiricism

"blank slate"

psychological science

Wilhelm Wundt

Edward Titchener, Wilhelm Wundt

introspection

William James

mind's stream of consciousness

Sigmund Freud

unconscious mind

John Watson, Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner

observable behavior

learning

Gestalt Psychology

Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers

growth potential of healthy people

Charles Darwim

natural selection

Jean Piaget

how people construe their environment

social interaction, social learning, cultural perspective

perceptual organization

developmental psychology

educational psychology

social psychology

industrial-organizational psychology

human factors psychology

consoling psychology

clinical psychology

research

experiment

statistical analysis

ethical guidelines

descriptive statistics

correlation

frequency distribution

correlation != causation

case study

survey

naturalistic observation

not generalizable

no IV, fast, bias

IV, DV

random sampling

representative sample

random assignment

eliminate confounding variables

manipulation

hold confounding variables

placebo effect

single-blind

double-blind

cross sectional/logitutional

normal distribution

unimodal

bell-shaped

mean, median, mode

variability

statistical significance

illusory

positive

negative

informed consent

protect from harm and discomfort

maintain confidentially

debriefing

deception

the right to withdraw

Unit III: Biological Bases of Behavior

endocrine system

nervous system

drugs

The brain

parathyroids

pituitary glands

adrenal glands

ovaries and testes

thyroid gland

pineal body

calcium

melatonin

CNS

PNS

neurons

brain

spinal cord

autonomic

somatic

sympathetic

parasympathetic

voluntary muscle movements

dendrites

cell body

axon

myelin sheath

synapse

neurotransmitters

acetylcholine

dopamine

serotonin

endophins

GABA

Glutanate

agonists

antagonist

reuptake inhibitor

antidepressants

serotonin

morphine

caffeine

antipsychotics

alchohol

narcotics

cocaine

nicotine

imaging techniques

EEG

CAT/CT

MRI

PET

fMRI

Anatomy

hindbrain

cerebellum

medulla

reticular formation

pons

midbrain

forebrain

limbic system

cerebral cortex

brain hemisphere

corpus callosum

decision-making

sensory input

send out motor information

thalamus

hippocampus

amygdala

hypothalamus

frontal lobes

parietal lobes

prefrontal lobes

broca's area

motor cortex

occipital lobes

temporal lobes

Unit V: States of Consciousness

sleep disorder

stages of sleep

stage 2

stage 3&4

stage 5

REM sleep

dreams

memory

delta wave

deep sleep

dyssomnias

insomnia

sleep apnea

naracolepsy

sleepwalking, night terror, nightmare

Unit VI: Learning

classical conditioning

operant conditioning

role of biology

stimulus and response

stage 1

circadian rhythms

Unit IV: Sensation and Perception

sensation

perception

the eye

hearing

other senses

threshold

absolute threshold

difference threshold

sensory adaptation

sensory habituation

processing

bottom-up processing

top-down processing

perceptual set

context effects

selective attention

cocktail party effect

Gestalt principles

top-down theory

proximity

figure-ground

symmetry

similarity

closure

depth perception

binocular cues

retinal disparity

Eleanor Gibson

visual cliff

vision anatomy

wave length

hue

aplitude

intensity

saturation

cornea

pupil & iris

lens

retina

fovea

optic nerve

rods & cones

blind spot

color vision

opponent-process theory

trichromatic theory

the ear

outer ear

ear drum

middle ear

inner ear

ear canal

ossicles

hammer, anvil, stirrup

oval

cochlea

basilar membrane

auditory nerve

auditory cortex

hearing loss

sensorineural

conductive

taste

taste buds

smell

olfactory buld

touch

vestibular sense

kinesthesis sense

biological clock

regular bodily rhythm

theta wave

light to deep sleep

manifest content

latent content

why we dream

satisfy wishes

file memory

develop and preserve neural pathways

make sense of neural static

reflect cognitive development

melatonin

psychoactive drugs

tolerance

withdrawal

dependence

addiction

catagories

depressants

stimulants

hallucinogens

influences

barbituates

alchohol

opiates

biological

psychological

amphetamines

methamphetamine

nicotine

cocaine

estasy

caffeine

LSD

THC

US

UR

CS

acquisition

CR

US, NS ---> CS

extinction

no CR, CS --> US

spontaneous recovery

generalization

explanations

Ivan Pavlov

Robert Rescorla

John Waston

little Albert

contiguity approach

contingency approach

Skinner's experiment

shaping

Edward Thorndike's law of effect

reinforcement

positive

give good

negative

take away bad

primary

secondary

punishment

schedule

fixed ratio

variable ratio

fixed interval

variable interval

positive

negative

biofeedback

limits of classical conditioning

Garcia

cognition's influence

Edward Tolman

cognitive map

extrinsic & intrinsic motivation

observational learning

learned helplessness

locus of control

external

internal

abstract learning

insight learning

superstitious behavior

overjustification

modeling

Unit VII: Cognition

memory

thinking, concepts, and creativity

models

MSM

WMM

processes

encoding

retrieval

storage

categories

sensory memory

short-term memory

long-term memory

explicit memory

implicit memory

effects

episodic

semantic

procedural

flashbulb memory

serial position effect

context-dependent memory

mood-congruent memory

spacing effect

testing effect

amnesia

misinformation effect

anterograde amnesia

retrograde amnesia

interference

proactive interference

retroactive interference

repression

source amnesia

déjà vu

prototype

priming

thinking

convergent

divergent

heuristics

implicit memory

availability

representativeness

obstacles

confirmation bias

belief perseverance

framing

mental sets

Unit VIII: Motivation, Emotion, and Stress

motivation

emotion theories

stress and coping

categories

extrinsic

intrinsic

theories

drive reduction theory

arousal theory

hunger motivation

hypothalamus

psychological factors

Garcia effect

sex motivation

sexual response cycle

psychological factors

sexual orientation

social motivation

Lewin’s motivational conflicts theory

approach-approach

avoidance-avoidance

avoidance-approach

multiple approach-avoidance

James-Langes

Cannon-Bard

Stanley Schatcher

biology

cognition

evolutionary

appraisal

Richard Lazarus

facial feedback

cross-cultural display

Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome(GAS)

perceived control

response stress

alarm

resistance

exhausion

Type A

Type B

Unit X: Personality

psychodynamic theory

other theories

the trait perspective

the social-cognitive view

sigmund freud

fixation

agents

id

ego

superego

psychosexual stages

defense mechanism

oral

anal

phallie

latency

genital

repression

regression

reaction formation

projection

rationalization

displacement

sublimations

denial

neo-freudians

Alfred Adler

Carl Jung

Karen Horney

Thematic Apperception test

rorschach inkblot test

false consensus effect

terror-management

humanistic theories

self-actualization

Carl Rogers

unconditional positive regard

self-concept

Gordon Allport

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator(MBTI)

factor analysis

Eysenck

brain scans

genetics

MMPI

empirically derived test

the big five

conscientiousness

agreeableness

neuroticism

openess

extraversion

Albert Bandura

reciprocal determinism/triadic reciprocity

Julian Rotter

external locus of control

exploring the self

self

self-esteem

self-efficacy

individualism & collectivism

personal

behavior

environmental

Unit XI: Testing and Individual Differences

testing

standardization

reliability

validity

types

aptitude test

achievement test

language

components

phoneme

morpheme

grammar

acquisition

cooing stage

babbling stage

one-word stage

two-word stage

telegraphic stage

Benjamin Lee Wharf & Edward Spair

Theory of linguistic relativity

Intelligence

types

theories

tests

fluid intelligence

crystalized intelligence

compatibility

interoperability

safety

repeatability

quality

consistency & repearability

split-half

equivalent form

test-retest

construct

content

criterion

concurrent

predictive

IQ test

Flynn effect

Charles Spearman

Howard Gardner

Robert Sternburg

Francis Galton

g factor

s factor

triarchy

Wechsler

Noam Chomsky

language acquisition device

Stanford-binet test

savant syndrome

stereotype threat

Unit XIV: Social Psychology

social thinking

attribution theory

fundamental attribution error

conformity and obedience

group behavior

culture and influence

aggression

attraction

conflict and peace making

altruism

self-serving bias

persuasion

peripheral route

central route

action affect attitude

foot-in-the-door

door-in-the-face

the halo effect

conformity

informative

unanimous

no prior commitment

compliance

social influence

normative

informational

obedience

Milgram's study

authority

prestigious institution

depersonalized

no role models

one admires the group's status

socia facilitation

social loafing

deindividuation

group polarization

groupthink

anonymous

task difficulty

expertise effect

crowding effect

less accountability

view themselves as dispensable

enhancement

norm

prejudice

discrimination

beliefs

emotions

predisposition

ethnocentrism

outgroup homogeneity

scapegoat theory

ingroup bias

biological

psychological

cultural

neural

genetic

biochemical

frontal lobe, amygdala

frustration-aggression principle

media models for violence

proximity

physical attraction

similarity

love

passionate

compassionate

bystander effect

reciprocity norm

social trap

self-fulfilling prophecy