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Development of BCAs (biocontrol agents), selection - Coggle Diagram

- - - - MECHANISM OF ACTION
        
        MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION
        
        PANTENT
        
        brevetto: legal title, monopoly in exploiting the invention well-defined territory and period
        
        Budapest Treaty: International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for patenting (1977)
        
        Production
        
        Stabilization and formulation
        
        Toxicological studies
        
        1 more item...
        
        Stabilizing the viability of the microorganism
        
        3 more items...
        
        Biomass production
        
        Research phase: several promising microorganisms
        
        Industrial phase: production as a bottleneck
        
        2 more items...
        
        liquid fermentation: Yeast and bacteria
        
        2 more items...
        
        solid state fermentation: Filamentous fungi
        
        Quality and quantity of the BCAs affected by: Operating conditions: aeration, agitation, pH, T Medium: N and C sources, by-products, standardization
        
        Harvesting stationary phase cells: survival under stress conditions
        
        Addition of glycerol and trehalose to media: increased osmotic tolerance
        
        Molecular tracking
        
        track m.o. in the environment, if survive in water, time of survival, dispersion
        
        Competition for space or nutrient
        
        Metschnikowia pulcherrima (yeast) --> production of siderophore --> sequestrate 2 iron atoms --> no more axtivity of catalases enzyme --> pathogen susceptible to the ROS produced by the fruit
        
        antibiosis
        
        positive: possible curative effect / negative: not admiteed on fruit
        
        biofilm
        
        BCAs can have the ability to form biofilms on the inner surface of wounds. competition for space
        
        mycoparasitism
        
        m.o. can colonize and degrade hyphae walls with enzymes (glucanases, chitinases, proteinases)
      - Initial experiment:
        on specific host
        on specific evironment
        agains specific pathogens
        
        antagonist mixture
        
        negative: long registration
        
        preharvest
        
        Survive in very low nutrient concentration / Tolerate UV rays/ Tolerate high temperature / Tolerate low humidity conditions
        
        integrated use
        
        other control strategies
    - - selected, must be stable, effective at low concentrations, simple nutritional requests, growth on cheap substrate, long survival rate in order to guarantee longer shelf-life, resistance to pesticides, not pathogenic for humans, not growth at 37°C, not pathogenic for plants
        
        YEAST
      - n vitro: mycelial growth, spore germination
        
        dual culture: release of diffusible compounds with inhibitory activity
        
        SPME
        
        HPLC + GC
      - in vivo: artificially wounded fruits