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outline for each article - EXAMING RELATIONSHIPS b/W PARENT AND CHILD…

- - - - cogntaive error ? --> biases in information processing associated eith depression (beck 1963; NEGITIVE LIFE EVENTS/ MOODS ACTIVATE MALADAPTIVE SELF-SCHEMAS LEADING TO DEPRESSION/ANXIETY (Beck, 1967; Beck & Clark, 1988) now asocciated with various psychopathlogies and wide range effects on beh (Barriga et al., 2008; Helmond et al., 2015;
        Leung & Poon, 2001)
        
        PCE (cognitive errors about parenting and child related beh's --> overly negtive, stable, and helpless beliefs that parents hold toward their child & parenting practices (Jiang et al., 2022) I.E RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BOTH PARENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND PARENTING BEH.
        
        HIGH LEVELS OF PARENTAL DEPRESION AND adhd SYMPS SHOWN TO PREDICT GREATER LVLS OF PCES ((Haack et al., 2017))
        
        TYPE OF pce based on type of psychopathology experiences ex. ADHD parent higher in corporal punishment and endorse CE relating to perfectionism and emothional reasoning (Breaux et al., 2017; Tung et al., 2014; Strohmeier et al., 2016)
        
        Anxiety/depressed parent = inconsistent discipline/ lack of positive parenting with CE related to catastrophizing (Chi & Hinshaw, 2002;
        Gerdes et al., 2007;Leung & Poon, 2001)
        
        conflicting evidence on if psychopathology causes CE's ((Cole
        et al., 1998; Oei et al., 2005), vice versa (Hjemdal et al., 2013) or bidirectional (Pössel & Black, 2014)
        
        this study use the rationale that psychopathology infulences PCE and CE
- - - - m= 8.6 yrs (SD=1.2); 58% boys
      - 54% white, 17% latinx, 8% asain american, 5 % african American, 17% self idenfied as more than 1 race
      - 83.5 % parents bio mothers, 6.5 bio fathers, 1% stepmothers, 5 % adptive mothers, 1.5 adptive fathers, 0.5 grandmothers, 1.5 other parental figure
      - 80% of parents reported graduatintg highschool, 12.5 reported being single parents
      - only 4 % taking meds for ADHD
  - - - HAS STRONG psychometric properties:
      - including test–retest reliability and strong relations with other semi-structured and structured clinical interviews
      - all cases meet DSM criteria for ADHD-I = 6+ inattention symptoms (m=7.6 sd= 1.1) and less than 6 hyperactive symptoms (m=1.2, sd=1.12)
  - - - composite score using avg age and gender correcrted T-scores from the ADHD DSM subscale of the conners adult ADHD rating scale and Attention Probvlem subscale of the adult self report --> score combined both symptoms and impairments (pattern/ interp did not change when considered independently or composite)
      - 4 point scale on symptoms ranging from "not at all, never" to "very much, very frequently" --> higher scores = greater adhd severity (CAARS)
      - (asr) measures beh and impairment related to inattention 3 point scale "not true - very true or often"
      - psychometric properties = high preditive validity for dignoses 87% caars + ASR
        test re-testt reliability (caars 0.88-0.91; asr:84)
        concurrent validty with other ADHD symptom instruments (r=.47) and internal consistency (caars a = .85; ASR: a = .81;
    - - age and gender corrected t-scores from the anxious depressed syndrom subscale (symtoms and imairments related to anxiety and depression) of the adult self report
      - 3 point scale
      - phsycometrics = high-test retest reliability (0.87), concurrent validity (r=.69, with beck anxiety inventory & r=.74 with beck depression " " )
        predictive validity (71%) anxiety and depressive disorder
        internal consistency ( a=.88)
    - - parental cognitive error Questionnaire (PCEQ)--> 24 item parent report assessing cogntive errors related to attributions of negative child behavior and parenting
      - based on two superseding measures of general cognitive errors: cognitive error questionnaire (test re-test .80) and child negative cogntive error questionnaire (test-re-test .65)
      - phsycometrics = used in extant lit, shows expected relationship to parenting beh and has high internal consistency in this study (a=.9)
      - 5-point scale; lower scores reflecting greater PCES
    - - inconsistent discipline, coropral punishment, and positive parenting subscales from Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ)
      - each subscale examined seperetly to examine differentiall realtions to parent psychopathology + child externalizing beh.
      - 42 -items assessing parenting practices ; 5 point scale ; higher scores greater endorsement of beh.
      - psycometric properties : test–retest reliability (Corporal Punishment: .69; Inconsistent Discipline: .85; Positive Parenting:.88),
        concurrent validity with the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, parent-report (DISC-P) and ability to discriminate between parents of behavior-disordered children and parents of non-disordered children (Locke & Prinz, 2002; Shelton et al., 1996)
        good internal consistency ( = .69) in the
        present sample.
        widely used and shows strong predictive relations to observed parenting behaviors
    - - age + gender correct t-scores :
        
        Externalizing Problems Composite Score from the Behavior Assessment System for Children-Second Edition Parent and Teacher Rating Scales (BASC-2 PRS and TRS; --> 160 item on child's problems and adaptive beh at home and in community --? 4 point scale
        
        compsite score of parent and teachers used to assess beh cross-situationally (parent and teacher reports significantly correlated p<.001) - high test re-test reliability, strong concurrent vALIDITY (impairment rating scale r=.49), preditive validty for ODD and CD (91%) strong internal consistency (a=.93
      - sufficient variability in externalizing beh to assess study questions, 29% of current sample4 exhibited externalizing beh greater than 1 sed above the mean (t>60)
- - - - unrealted to PCE and PCE failed to explain relationship b/w P. parenting and child/ parenting beh.
      - link b/w postive P and maternal psychopathology more robust for children under 6
  - - - yet, theory driven models in udy supported by decades of emprical evidence documenting temporal relations and consistent with expert recommendations for mediation analysis on data collected corss-sectionally
- - - - To examine missing values, Little’s (1988) missing completely at random (MCAR) test was performed. Key variables were examined for deviations from normality based on skewness and kurtosis. It was checked whether the intercorrelations of potential indicators of latent factors were positive and sufficiently strong (r ≥ 0.50) for the formation of latent factors. Child demographic variables (child age and gender) were tested for significant bivariate correlations with the familial variables (FAI, pADHD, pDAS, pAGG, pPAR, nPAR) and child symptoms (cADHD, cODD)
  - - - modified version of family adviersity index (FAI) developed by rytter and colleagues--> modified version adapted from the german Mannheim parent interview inclusive of low parental education, crowed housing conditions, parental conflicts and parental delingency and parental mental disorders
      - coded dichotomously by clinican based on interview with at least one parent
      - 5 item scores are summed togeather to from the index of 0-5
    - - german ADHD self-report questionnaire; adpated to fitDSM-5 creitrea
      - parents self rated 18 symptoms of 4-point scale; higher scores = high symtoms of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity; all items summed to form total symptom score; in present sample showed high internal consistency a=.91
      - depression, anxiety, stress assesed via german short version of (DASS-21) of the depression anxiety and stress scales; 21 items 4 point scale; higher scores greater severity of symptoms; summed score formed; internal consitecy of a = .91
      - agression assesed via agression questionnaire (AQ-12) (bryant and smith) in german version; 12 items measuring physical, verbal agression, anger and animositry; 6 point scale; higher scores more agression; summed scores; internal consistency of a=.86
    - - postive parenting measured with german questionnaire on parenting beh (developed on baises on various english lang instruments) ; 13 items assessing positive, reinforcing and encouraging parenting beh; 4 point scale; higher scores indicating more frequent use; summed scores; internal consistency a=.85)
      - neg. parenting; short v. of the negative-inept parenting scale from the assessment of postive and negative parenting; developed on the baisis of the manamgement of children beh. scale; 10 items measues incosistent, implusive and rigid parenting beh; 4 points; highscore more negtive; acceptable internal consistency a = .74
    - - syptroms of both were assessed independently by clinicain and parents; clinicain used german diagnostic checklist for ADHD reflect creitreia for DSM 5 and ISCD 10th and german checklist for oppostional defiant and conduct disorder for assesing odd
      - symptoms explored using german semi-structured clinical interview for ADHD ODD AND CD ; conducted with at least 1 parent; 4 point scale; higher score = more ADHD and ODD symptoms
      - psycometric : The two scale values (ADHD, ODD were formed by averaging the respective item scores. In the present sample, the scales showed a good internal consistency (ADHD: α = 0.82; ODD: α = 0.83). Furthermore, a high interrater reliability has been reported, with an intraclass correlation of 0.91 (ADHD) and 0.94 (ODD)
      - parents assesed the childrens syptoms usimh gernal lang. rating scale for adhd, odd, cd; specfically 20 ADHD ITEMS (nine items on inattention, 11 items on hyperactivity and 8 odds on 4 points scale; higher more severe ; summed; each scale a = .89