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Miabella Aguilar Period. 5 Cardiovascular System - Coggle Diagram
Miabella Aguilar Period. 5
Cardiovascular System
1. Major components and functions of Blood
Leukocytes (WBC)
: Are the only formed element that is complete call and nuclei and organelles
makes up <1% of total blood volume
Function in defense of disease
Leukocytosis
: Increase production of WBCs, a normal response to infection
Two types:
Granulocytes
: contains visible cytoplasmic granules (neutrophils, eosinphils, basophils)
Agranulocytes: do not contain visible cytoplasmic granules (lymphocytes monocytes)
Production & Life span
Leukoiesis: production of WBC are stimmulatedby two types of chemical messengers from red bone marrow and mature WBCs
-Interleukins
-Colony-Stimulating factors (CSFs)
Platelets
: Fragments of larger megakaryocyte
Involved in blood clotting process
Function
: Form temporary platelet plug that helps seal break in blood vessel
Platelet formation is regulated by
thrombopoietin
(Platelets)
Erythrocytes (RBC)
: Small-diameter (7.5) cells that contribute to gas transport
filled with
Hemoglobin
(Hb) for gas transport
45% of whole blood (hematocrit)
Most dense component
Hematocrit
: Percent of blood volume that is RBC's
Functions
Dedicated to respiratory gas transport
Hemoglobin binds reversibly with oxygen
production of RBC
Hematopoiesis: formation of all blood cells
Erythropoiesis: Formation of red blood cells
Regulation
Hormonal control
-Erythropoietin (EPO): hormone that stimulates formation of RBCs
Fate & Destrucyion of Erythrocytes
life span: 100-120 days
RBCs are anucleate so cannot synthesize new protein, or grow or divide
Plasma
: Straw-colored sticky fluid
About 90% water
nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, proteins, inorganic ions
Albumin
: makes up 60% of plasma proteins
9. Major blood vessels (names arteries and veins)
Major Arteries:
ascending aorta
aortic arch
thoracic aorta
aorta abdominal
Branchiocephalic trunk
common carotid artery
subclavian artery
axillary artery
branchial artery
radial artery
ulnar artery
common iliac artery
femoral artery
anterior tibial artery
fibular artery
Major veins:
- cephalic vein
basilic vein
radial vein
ulnar vein
branchial vein
axillary vein
subclavian vein
brachiocephalic vein
superior vena cava
internal jugular vein
external jugular vein
femoral vein
great saphenous vein
external iliac vein
internal iliac vein
common iliac vein
inferir vena cava
2. ABO, Rh blood types
ABO blood groups:
Based on presence or absence of two agglutinogens (A and B) on surface of RBCs
Blood may contain preformed anto-A or anti-B autibodies (
Agglutinins
)
Blood Types for transfusions:
10. Vital signs (BP and Pulse)
Vital signs:
pulse and blood pressure, along with respiratory rate and body temperature
Blood Pressure:
Force per unit area exerted on wall of blood vessel by blood
Systolic pressure:
pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction
Diastolic pressure:
lowest level of aortic pressure one heart is at rest
Pulse:
throbbing of arteries due to difference in pulse pressure, which can be felt under skin
Radial pulse:
(taken at wrist) most routinely use, but there are other clinically important post points
Pressure Points:
areas where arteries are close to body surface
Venous BP:
Muscular pump:
contraction of skeletal muscle "milks" blood back towards heart; valves prevent backflow
Respiratory pump:
pressure changes during breathing move blood towards heart by squeezing abdominal veins as thoracic veins expand
Sympathetic venconstriction:
under sympathetic control, smooth muscles construct, pushing blood back towards heart
11. Disorders of the cardiovascular system
Pericarditis:
inflammation of pericardium
Angina pectoris:
thoracic pain caused by fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to myocardium
Myocardial infraction (Heart attack):
prolonged coronary blockage
Arrhythmias:
irregular heart rhythms
Fibrillation:
rapid, irregular contractions
Heart murmur:
abnormal heart sounds heard when blood hits obstructions
Tachycardia:
abnormally fast heart rate (>100 beats per/min)
Bradycardia:
heart rate slower than 60 bpm
Congestive heart failure:
progressive condition; CEO is so low that blood turkey circulation is inadequate to meet tissue needs
Peripheral Artery disease:
arteries narrow and reduce blood flow to extremities
Cerebrovascular Accident:
blood flow to a portion of the brain is interrupted (stroke)
Endocarditis & Myocarditis:
inflammation of the heart
Congenitial Heart disease:
tissue with heart structure and/or function present from birth
6. Blood flow through the heart and body
Right side of heart
- Deoxygenated RBCs from the body --> Superior and inferior vena cava --> Right atrium --> Tricuspid valve --> Right ventricle --> Pulmonary semilunar valve --> Pulmonary Trunk --> Pulmonary arteries --> lungs
Left side of heart
- Oxygenated RBCs from the lungs --> Pulmonary veins --> Left atrium --> Bicusipid valve --> Left ventricle --> aortic semilunar valve --> Aorta --> the boys systemic circulation
8. Cardiac cycle and the ECG
Basic Rhythm
Sinoatrial (SA) node
pacemaker of heart in right atrial wall
generates impulse about 75 times/minute (sinus rhythm)
impulse spreads across atria, and to AV node
Atrioventricular (AV) node
- in inferior interatrial septum
**Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of his)
in superior interventricular septum
only electrical connection between atria and ventricles
Right and left bundle branches:
two pathways in interventricular septum
Carry impulses towards Apex of heart
Subendocardial conducting network:
also referred to as Purkinje fibers
complete pathway through interventricular septum into Apex and ventricular walls
ECG:
is a graphic recording of electrical activity
composite of all action potentials at a given time; not a tracking of a single AP
Electrodes are placed at various points on body to measure voltage difference
Main features:
P wave: depolarization of SA node and atria
QRS complex: regular depolarization and atrial repolarization
T waves: ventricular repolarization
P-R interval: beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation
S-T segment: tire ventricular myocardium depolarized
Q-T interval: beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization
3. Major functions of the cardiovascular system
Regulation
: Regulation functions include:
maintaining body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat
maintaining normal pH using buffers; alkaline reserve of bio carbonate ions
maintaining adequate fluid volume in circulatory system
Protection
: Protection functions include:
preventing blood loss plasma proteins and platelets in blood initiate clot formation
preventing infection agents of immunity are carried in blood
-antibodies
-complement proteins
-white blood cells
Transport:
Transport functions include:
delivery O2 and nutrients to the body cells
transporting mid metabolic waste to lungs and kidneys for elimination
transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs
7. Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types (arteries, veins,
capillaries)
Veins:
Carry blood towards heart; deoxygenated except for pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus
Venules:
capillaries unite to form post capillary venules
-consists of endothelium and a few pericytes
-very porous; allow fluids and WBCS into tissue
larger venules have one or two layers of smooth muscle cells
have all tunics, but thinner walls with large lumens compare with corresponding arteries
tunica media is thin, but tunica externa is stick
-containsbcollagen fibers and elastic networks
blood pressure lower than in arteries, so adaptations ensure return a blood to heart
OTHER ADAPTATIONS:
Venous valve:*
-prevent back flow of blood
-most abundant in veins of limbs
Venous sinuses:
-flattened veins with extremely thin walls
Capillaries:
Direct contact with tissue cells; directly severe cellular needs
microscopic vessels; diameters so small only single RBC can pass at a time
walls just in Tunica intima; in smaller vessels oneself forms entire circumference
supply almost every cell
Functions: Exchange of gases, nutrients, waste, hormones etc. between blood and interstitial fluid
Capillary beds:
inner Wolven Nettwerk of capillaries between arterioles and venules
Vascular shunt:
Channel that directly connects arterioles with venules (bypasses true capillaries)
Precapillary sphincter:
act as valve regulating blood flow into capillary bed
Arteries:
Carry blood away from heart; oxygenated except for pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of fetus
Muscular arteries:
elastic arteries give rise to muscular arteries
also called distributing arteries because they deliver blood to body organs
account for most of named arteries active in Vascoconstruction
Arterioles:
smallest of all arteries
control flow into capillary beds via Vascodilation and Vascoconstriction of smooth muscle
also called resistance arteries because changing diameter change resistance
lead to capillary beds
Elastic arteries:
they called with the large, low resistance lumen, actors pressure reservoirs that expand and recoil as blood is ejected from heart
Structure of all Blood Vessels:
Tunica intimate:
inter-most layer that is "intimate" contact with blood
-
endothelium:
simple squamous epithelium that lines lumen of all vessels
Tunica media:
middle layer composed mostly of smooth muscle & sheets of elastin
sympathetic Vassar motor nerve fibers intervate this layer contracting
Tunica externa:
outer most layer, also called tunica adventitia composed mostly of loose collagen fibers that protect and reinforce wall and anchor it to surrounding structures
5. Layers of the heart
Myocardium
: Circular or spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells
Endocardium
: inner most layer; is continuous with endothelial lining of blood vessels
Epicardium:
True layer of serous pericardium
4. Anatomy of the heart (including all chambers, and valves)
Myocardium
: Circular or spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells
Endocardium
: inner most layer; is continuous with endothelial lining of blood vessels
Epicardium:
True layer of serous pericardium
Atria
: 2 superior
Interartrial septum
: separates atria
Interventricular septum:
Separates ventricles
Serous pericardium:
2 deep layers
Parietal layer:
Lines internal surface of fibrous pericardium
Visceral layer:
on external surface of heart
Right Atrium:
receives deoxygenated blood from the body
Pericardium
: double walled sac that surrounds heart; made up of two layers
Superior vena cava:
returns blood from body regions above the diaphragm
Apex
: points towards left hip
Inferior vena cava:
one from body regions below the diaphragm
*Base
: (posterior surface) leans towards right shoulder
Coronary sinus:
turns blood from coronary veins
Left atrium:
receives oxygenated blood from lungs
Right ventricle:
stop anterior surface
Left ventricle:
posteroinferior surface
Trabeculae carneae:
irregular ridges of muscle on ventricular walls
Papillary muscles:
chokes into ventricular cavity
Atrioventricular valves:
located between atria and ventricles, prevents backflow into atria when ventricles contract
Semilunar valves:
located between ventricles and major arteries, prevent backflow from major arteries back into ventricles
Tricuspid valve:(Right AV valve)
make up of two cusps and lies between left atria and ventricle
Chordae tendineae:
anchor cusps of AV to papillary muscles
Pulmonary semilunar valve:
located between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Aortic semilunar valve:
located between left ventricle and aorta
Coronay arteries:
both left and right coronary arteries arise from base of aorta and supply atrial blood to heart
Left coronary artery:
supplies interventricular septum; anterior ventricular walls, left atrium, and posterior wall of left and charcoal; has two branches
Right coronary artery:
supplies right atrium and most of right ventricle; has two branches
Right marginal artery
Posterior interventicular artery
Coronary veins:
Cardiac veins:
collect blood from capillary beds
Coronary sinus:
empties into right atrium; formed by merging cardiac veins
