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Review Article - Ocean Acidification Potential Grant Topic - Ocean…
Review Article - Ocean Acidification
Potential Grant Topic - Ocean Acidification Impacts
Potential Causes of Ocean Acidification:
Anthropogenic (human caused):
Increase in atmospheric CO2 being absorbed by the ocean (Pearson and Palmer, 2000;
Feely et al., 2008; Beaufort et al., 2011).
Naturally Occuring:
Increase in atmospheric CO2 being absorbed by the ocean and dissolved inorganic compounds made by primary producers or dissolved organic matter (Cai et al., 2006, 2011; Feely et al., 2010; Sunda
and Cai, 2012; Bates et al., 2013; Mostofa et al., 2013a).
Humans causing global warming could enhance the normal ocean acidification process by increasing primary production and respiration (Behrenfeld et
al., 2006; Cai et al., 2006; Kranz et al., 2009; Cai et al.,
2011; Sunda and Cai, 2012; Mostofa et al., 2013a; Holding et
al., 2015).
pH changes in seawater
Seawater pH is determined by the balance of photosynthesis and respiration (Mostofa et al. 2016).
Primary production increases pH during the day due to photosynthesis, and decreases at night due to respiration (Mostofa et al. 2016).
Possible Impacts of Ocean Acidification:
Potentially cause an extension of the summer stratification period (the surface layer of the water is warmer). Temperature would change the environment for certain species (Mostofa et al. 2016).
Coastal seawater is at a higher risk for acidification due to factors such as: eutrophication, acid rain, and pollution (Mostofa et al. 2016).
Increase in primary production and respiration coulld increase the partial pressure of CO2 in the ocean and hinder the ability for the ocean to absorb carbon (Mostofa et al. 2016).
Will make matters worse for global warming.
pH changes predicted by 2100 show acidification is expected to impact all oceans. Those located near the elevated northern and southern latitudes are predicted to show more change (Mostofa et al. 2016).
Potential Impacts on Marine Organisms:
Acidification:
Calcifiers will be unable to form new shells or skeletons.
Potentially increase the partial pressure of carbon dioxide, increasing bacteria abundance and respiratory CO2 production (Mostofa et al. 2016).
Will cause calcifier's shells to dissolve.
Experimental studies have shown that by increasing CO2:
Marine productivity increased.
Some species will develop tolerance to the increased CO2 levels.
Change in species composition (decrease).
Increase in coral productivity.
Drop in biodiversity, mainly impacting calcifiers.
Effects of hypoxia and acidification in deeper water:
Nutrient and carbon cycling
Ecosystem functioning
Fish morality
Diversity
Habitat loss
Species composition
Affect natural growth and development of organisms.
Stress caused by algal and red-tide toxins and pathogens:
Increase toxic phenolic compounds in phytoplankton under elevated CO2.
Acidification, nutrient limitation, and temperature changes could increase toxicity of harmful groups like bacteria.
Increase toxic algal blooms.
Foreseeable Ecological and Biogeochemical Impacts:
Weather Changes:
Hurricanes and typhoons increase in land and oceans.
Daily rainfall increases significantly.
Erosion:
Overall, runoff and erosion increases.
Erosion and riverine transport could introduce more organic carbon to the ocean.
Soil erosion increases where humans have made forests into cropland.
Elevated Temperature:
Hypoxia increases in deeper water.
Coral becomes vulnerable to disease and pathogens.
Increase toxic dinoflagellate blooms.
Morality and structural changes for many marine organisms.
Spread anoxic dead zones.
Evolution will favor smaller organisms.
More harmful and toxic species present.
Habitat and population changes in fish species.
Increase harmful Cyanobacteria in surface water.
Negative impacts on fisheries.