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PBL 2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Knowledge of how nutrient consumption/production can be balanced within the microcosm
- - - - base of the chain feeding energy
        
        chemoautotroph
        cells that create their own energy and biological materials from inorganic chemicals
        
        feed on chemicals that are good electron donors (hydrogen sulfide,sulfur or iron)
        
        'fix' carbon, take atoms or carbon from inorganic compounds such as carbon dioxide and using it to make organic compound such as sugar.
        
        commonly found in environment where plant cannot survive such as at the bottom of the ocean or aicidic hot spring.
        
        basis of the energy pyramid where photosynthesizers cannot survive ( deep sea )
        
        example : Nitrosomonas to fix nitrogen in soil with taking toxic chemicals like ammonia and turn it into materials for life.
        
        photoautotroph
        energy that make their own energy using light and carbon dioxide via the process of photosynthesis
        
        producers in the food chain
        
        all recognized photoautotroph undergo photosynthesis
        
        nearly all plant are photoautotroph
        
        made their own energy because they produce the molecule chlorophyll in organelles called chloroplast
        
        commonly found in environment with ample light such as terrestrial ecosystems, surface water of oceans and freashwater systems
        
        example : green plant/photosynthesizing algae ( important producers in aquatic ecosystem)
      - A layer of sediment is placed at the bottom of the sterilized jar. The sediment is a major source of nutrients and any stones or debris must be removed. Water is added into the jar slowly to avoid suspension of sediments
      - The added food contained three taxa of unicellular algae, Dunaliella tertiolecta, Amphiprora sp. and Pyramimonas sp., in order to simulate phytodetritus deposition. All living specimens, their cysts or burrowing trails, and the fabric of the sediment were noted
      - The system is left undisturbed until the water becomes clear. A few stems are pushed into sediment to anchor the plant mass. When all microcosms have been planted, about 1 L of water is added.
- - - - without apex predators controlling their populations, meso-predators (mid-level predators) and herbivores can explode.
        
        This can lead to a cascade effect where certain prey species become overabundant.
        
        This puts pressure on the availability of resources and potentially causes a decline or extinction of other species.
    - - changes in one trophic level have a ripple effect throughout the food web
    - - Prey species that were once kept in check by predators may become dominant.
        
        This can lead to shifts in the abundance and diversity of other species.
    - - Prey may no longer need to exhibit anti-predator behaviours such as hiding or changes in foraging patterns.
    - - in marine ecosystems, sharks help to regulate the populations of herbivorous species that graze on seagrasses, preventing overgrazing and promoting the growth of healthy seagrass beds. with apex predators removed, the seagrass beds would be overgrazed and unhealthy.
    - - the disruption of natural prey-predator dynamics can contribute to the loss of biodiversity.
    - - absence of regulating species can lead to imbalances and fluctuations in fish stocks
    - - Removal of apex predators can reduce the ability of ecosystems to recover from the disturbances or adapt to environmental changes.
  - - - conservation measures
        
        Habitat protection
      - Fishing regulations
      - Establishment of marine reserves and national parks
- - - - Can’t study stage-structure population dynamics
        
        Need to include a new different system
    - - Bacterias often mistaken with protists
        
        Similar composition, metabolism, physical traits
        
        Need other experimental procedures that involves exposure of microcosm/mesocosm to the surrounding environments
        
        Inaccurate
        
        Potential contamination
        
        Other organisms coming into the closed & confined space
    - - Experimental set up can be set so that they always come out the way the scientist wanted them to
        
        Objection from other scientists arise
        
        Most reports and papers regarding microcosms/mesocosms produce clean results
        
        Microcosms/mesocosms NEVER conform precisely to theoretical assumptions & hypotheses
    - - Main purpose of microcosms/mesocosms is to mimic specific natural system or feature
        
        Make sure that there is no bias in the microcosm/mesocosm
        
        If you are to investigate the effect of predation, there might be other natural existing predators in the microcosm/mesocosm that might affect the predation rate
    - - Creating a bottle effect
  - - - 4-48 hours per generation
        
        Can collect hundreds of generations
        
        High statistical power
    - - Use species that coexist naturally in nature
        
        Do not use robots