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UNIT 04: THE LABOUR MOVEMENT AND IMPERIALISM, image, image, image, image,…
UNIT 04: THE LABOUR MOVEMENT AND IMPERIALISM
4.1. Imperialism
During the last year of the 19th century, coinciding with the start of the Second Industrial Revolution
the most important European states expanded by colonising territories all over the world
A large number of territories became controlled by European powers
Causes of Imperialism
Industrial development
required new raw materialsthat were sometimes found in territories far away from Europe
The development of European industrial production demanded that new consumer markets were established
Rivalry between industrialised countries
competed with each other to
guarantee a supply of raw materials
secure trade routes
obtain political prestige
Intense population growth
it led to more overseas population in Europe
33 million Europeans left the continent and moved to other places around the world
United States
Canada
Argentina
Brazil
Ideological and cultural factors
Europe wanted to civilise the rest of the world in some cases with a feeling of radical superiority
As well as colonial expansion
religious missions were organised to evangelise the colonised people
and scientific missions to explore the geography of the new territories
4.2.COLONIAL TERRITORIES
Imperialist expansion led to the development of colonialism
this was a system in which the mother country exploited the colonies
The way in which European empires expanded, depended on the circumstances of each colonised territory
Inland Africa was almost completly unexplored
Colonisation of Africa
In 1885, Germany organised the Berlin West African Conference to decide how Africa would be divided amongst European powers
because of its late unification
Germany feared that it would miss its opportunity for colonial expansion
The British Empire wanted to establish a large belt of colonies from Egypt to Cape town
France alredy controlled the Sahara and its bodering countries
and Portugal controlled large islands areas that it had reached from the ports of its old colonial empire
Colonisation of Asia
the Indian Peninsula colonised by the British
who considered it "the jewel of the Crown"
Althought China was still an independent country
it also felt the effects of imperialist pressures from Europe and USA
The British took advantage of the Chinise authorities
The Chinise rebelled against this in the First Opium War(but were defeated)
After the treaty of Nanking was signed the port of Hong Kong became a British royal colony
4.3. TYPES OF COLONIAL GOVERNMENT
Protectorates
Territories where the mother country decided not to intervene in matters of
controlling only
economic matters
foreign relations
local politics
This model was used primarily in Asia and France and Spain were protectorates in Morocco
Dominions
territories of the British Empire
occupied almost entirely by a new population of European origin
with a great autonomy
and their own institutions
Canada
Australia
and New Zeland
Colonies
territories were weak
local power allowed mother countries to control all aspects of the country
political
cultural
economic
This model was applied in many parts of Africa such as
the Congo controlled by the Belgians
France also imposed this model of governtment in Indochina
A FRAGILE PEACE
The late 19th century was a period of prosperity and optimism
but also a great tension in international relations because of territorial expansionism
between 1870and 1890 relations between countries were determined by Germany
the German chancellor, Bismarck designed a complex system of alliances
in order to isolate France
The Bismarckian system
there were three stages in the Bismarckian system
Second System (1879-1882)
Bismarck made a bilateral agreement with Austria-Hungary
Italy later joined the agreement forming a triple alliance
Third system (1887)
The German chancellor reinforced the Triple alliance
and signed the Reinsurance Treaty with Russian tsar
This Treaty guaranteed Russian neutrality in the event of attack by France
Bismarck also signed the Mediterranean Agreements with
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First system(1872)
It also known as the League of the three Emperors between
German alliances
and Russian alliances
Austro-Hungarian alliances
After the fall of Bismarck two opposing diplomatic blocks formed in Europe
The triple alliance
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Italy
the triple entente
Russia
France
Great Britain
