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War of the Roses 1461-1509 - Coggle Diagram
War of the Roses 1461-1509
Edward IV 1461-70 first rule
1461 won Mortimers cross (eclipse- gods will) and Towton (shows Gods will- snow storm) no nobles to oppose Edward as Clifford and Northumberland were killed and Henry and family flee.
Edward is coronated and tries to reconcile with lanc.
Fight over Scottish castles begins Warwick takes Alnwick- Taken by Margaret and french forces in september 1462- Yorks retake them back in december.
Edward negotiated a truce between James III (scot) and Louis XI (france) and opened negotiations with Duke of burgundy.
After Henrys reign he could not really go wrong- he was a competent ruler and a good leader in battle in filled many kingly duties in which Hnery could not fill.
Strong blood claim to the throne and has less opposition to his throne as many lacastrians had died in previous battles and Warick and clarence on his side.
A major strength of Edward was that as he tried to reconcile with the lancs- he offered pardons and encouraged loyalty to the crown- he also distribited titles and patronage to both factions.
Confiscated lands however did end up in the hand of his brothers: Clarence and Richard, The Nevilles, the Woodvilles and favpured men such as lord Hastings.
Lancs- Margaret still had support from france and Scotland in 1469. Henry had been captured- 1465
Elizabeth woodville- She was a WIDOW to the late John Grey who died in the 2nd battle of st albans LANC- this was looked on poorly by edwards nobility. Had 2 children- fertile
As she had lancastrian connections she could help peace between the factions.
Burgundy support.
Edward married Elizabeth in secret- PRO-BURGUNDY line.
Edward went on to marry his sister off to Charles the bold of burgundy to further strengthen their alliance.
Warwick "king maker'- wealthy noble (captain of calais)- he was entrusted by the French for the kings foreign policy. Warwick was PRO-FRENCH line, Warwick tried to arrange a marriage for Edward with a French princess-however Edward already married Eizabeth in secret. leaving Warwick to be embarrassed- as the france and burgundy were enemies.
After, Edward refused to agree to the marriage alliance of his brother Clarence and Warwick daughter Isabel to secure clarences place in court. They began to plot against the woodvilles as they had taken a significant place in court.
Warwick and Clarence joined forces in 1469. 2 rebellions occured- 'Robin of Redesdale' & 'Robin of Holderness'. Warwick took the ki g as prisoner as Clarence went to calais to plot.
Battle of Edgecote- WARWICK WINS: Earl of Pembroke killed. Edward IV taken into captivity.
September Edward regains power after they let him go- as law and order decreased.
March 1470- rebellion takes palces again: Battle of Losecoat- EDWARD WINS: Edward restores the PERCY family and fires John Neville (given lands to compensate for his loss).
Louis XI arranged a reconciliation between Warwick and Margaret- Warwick is now a lancastrians and attempts to restore Hnery VI onto the throne- as he is easily manipulated and he can become the power behind the throne.
September 1470- Warwick and Clarence head to England and invade and upon hearing John Neville had betrayed him- Edward fled to the Netherlands- 3 October 1470 HENRY VI RESTORED AS KING. Henry and Margarets son Edward marries Anne Neville- alliance between Yorks and Lancs. EDWARD IV SON BORN (HEIR)- EDWARD V.
Foreign policy/taxation etc
Edward inherited £35,000 debt from Hnery VI- he increased revenue from land due to increased trade in the north.
Increased trade of cloth, wool with Burgundy through his foreign policy.
Treaty of Picquingy 1475- resulted in a French pension for England £50,000 crowns- removed trading restrictions with france.
In 1476 Margaret of Anjou was handed over to Louis XI in return for a payment of £10,00 and renouncing her titles and her land.
Treaty of Picquingy meant that Edward could not invade France due to this agreement- however, if Louis XI gained control of Burgundy after Charles the Bolds death in 1477- it would have meant he gained many ships and an easy access to England for easy invasion- luckily this never happened.
Scotland was weak in the 1460s- James II was the ruler he was ruthless, energetic and a strong King. He was killed in 1460 and James III. Real power in Scotland came from the QUEEN MOTHER- MARY OF GUELDERS. She was related to the Duke of Burgundy- she favoured Yorkists, as James Kennedy (Bishop of St Andrews) favoured lancs- instability.
Edward IV 1471-83 second rule
Returns to England in March 1471- with burgundian support and Percy support. Clarence then defected back to his brother. London was seized and Henry was taken back to the tower.
Margaret on an attempt to go to London with french allys had to turn back to france due to bad weather.
April- Warwick and John Neville were slain at the battle of barnet.
Finally, Edward regained his throne after the Battle at Tewksbury- after he defeats most lancastrian nobles including Edward (henrys son), and Henry VI EXECUTED- leaving all lanc threat gone.
Richard III 1483-85
Richard III suceeded to the throne after Edward V death. Edward was only 12 when he took the throne. There was speculation that Edward V was a bastard after Edward IV had an affair.
The woodvilles at this time were very unpopular- they plotted against Richard but failed and this ultimately made Richard look good and suitable for the throne.
Richard III had significant nobility support from William Hastings, the Duke of Buckingham and Percy (as they were both anti-woodville)
Richard had major support from the Percys in the North (military backing), and other nobles such as Buckingham and Hastings. Had a blood claim to the throne (but goes nowhere with thing). He is competent although he has a weak claim as he has no heir (counter for Henry VI). Married to Anne Neville (Neville-Percy fued): lots and lots of land: retainers etc.
Buckinghams rebellion of 1483- was an attempt to get Henry Tudor (Henry VII) onto the thone. This ultimately fails. Support from Hastings in the rebellion and Henry Tudor. Buckingham was executed and Henry Tudor fled to Paris.
After this fails, Richard in 1484 set up the Council of the North, Percy wished to get a significsnt amount of power.
Death of Richards son- Edward of Middleham- meant loss of an heir- made other claims i.e nephews stronger- caused instability. Death of his wife Anne Neville- 1485 impacted on his health and further destabilised his throne.
Battle of Bosworth KILLED- Richard made an impulsive attack on Henry at the end of the battle. Richards army was fighting right next to a swamp and this gave him less space to frive armies in to attack.
However, he had not much military or noble supoort as Percy (Northumberland) was not committed to the crown and did not engage in the battle either due to miscomunication or personal choice.
Richard did have the advantage of the hill (favoured position), and he had more cavalry but fewer trained soldiers then Henry VII.
Henry Tudor (Henry VII) became a significant threat to Richard III- he had a claim to the throne and he married Elizabeth of York (ties between both factions)- He had gained French support in paris and from Lord Stanley.
Henry VII 1485-1509
Became King after Richard III death and after winning the battle of Bosworth (1485). He came into a well run kingdom- previous ruler was very disliked so Henry was greeted fairly. Henry VII had less supoort but more loyal one e.g Oxford and the Stanley (no mighty subjects).
Won Bosworth- He had well trianed mercenaries and many soldiers- his uncle lord stanley rushed in with a cavalry of 500 and this ultimately allowed for Richard to be defeated.
His claim to the throne was weak and through a female line- John of Gaunts mistress.
Married Elizabeth of York: united lancs and yorkists.
Major magante supoort (stanley and oxford).
Yorkists were disheartened and hated Richard and therefore chose Henry over the prior.
Support from the french.
Became solvent by the end of his reign. Increases ordinary and extraordinary revenue.
Wife dies in 1503 and tries to remarry to as his heir also died in 1502- so needed heirs. Marriage to Joanna of Naples was encouraged by Spain but didnt happen.
Oppositions to Henry VII throne (PRETENDERS): Lambert Simnel (Claimed to be the Earl of Warwick).
He was backed by Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy, sent him money and 2000 german mercenaries.
Battle of Stoke and Lovell rebellion- forgiven after stoke as seen as Margarets puppet.
Perkin Warbeck (Claimed to be Richard, Duke of York). Margaret of Burgundy then backs him, this broke off trade between England and Flanders. Maximillian (HRE) did not have enough money to invade with Warbeck. Charles VIII (France) supported Warbeck and so did James IV (Scotland) gave Warbeck refuge and a marriage alliance to a low aristocratic girls- this was a threat to Henry.
Edmund de la Pole- Henry refused to give him his fathers dukedom- had a better claim to the throne than Henry VII- had some support from Flanders and Burgundy.
Not until 1506 was Henrys reign secure when all the Yorksit threat was elminated. Even then his reigned relied on his only son, Prince Henry.
Relationship with nobility, rewards and punishments:
Royal council: had a lord treasurer and lord chancellor. Council Learned in the law: had legal training- keep up with wardship and marriage and relief of kings tenants.
Regional governments: granted areas of his kingdom to magnates- stopped over mighty nobles.
Role of Clerics: educated men, legal expertise
Role of Nobles: loyal to henry, gave segice to him
Role of New men: gentry, had expereince in local government and justice.
Local goverment: ecouraging use of royal council, increases power of justices of peace (jps). However, king had to rely on goodwill of his officials of justice.
Nobles had to cooperate, king was obliged to protect them so their service was rewarded- had to ask permission from Henry to marry (prevented great heiresses and over mighty subjects).
Livery and maintenance: Relied on nobles' armies on the protection of the crown. Reduced the number of retianers the magnates maintained.
Bonds and recognisances: written agreements in which a person offended the king had to pay upfront or promised to pay to secure their future good behaviour (raised crown revenue).
Retainer acts: 1485- made lords and commons not able to retain illegally.
1504- proclamations that meant that nobles needed a license to retain. Penalties were severe £5 per month for each illegal retainer.
Foreign treaties:
Treaty of Redon (1489)- Breton promised to pay for the cost of 6000 men. Maximillian support was unreliable- spanish sent a force of 2000 in 1490.
Used to defer France from beginning a war asking Brittany to pay Henry for 'babysitting' their army.
Treaty of Etaples (1492)- France could not give aid to English rebels, particularly Warbeck. Gained a pension from France. Got rid of French threat to England.
In 1503 Henrys daughter marries James IV of scotland (got them on side).
Margaret of Burgundy died same year- got rid of Burgundian threat.
Henrys son married a Spanish princess (got them on side).