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UNIT 1: Scientific Foundation of Psychology, confounding/control variables…
UNIT 1: Scientific Foundation of Psychology
different approaches
Structuralism
William Wundt
Gestalt
Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler
Functionalism
William James
Psychodynamic
Sigmund Freud
Behaviourism
Ivan Pavlov
John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner
Humanistic
Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers
Cognitive
Jean Piaget
research methods
descriptive method
surveys
naturalistic observation
laboratory observation
case study
archival data
correlational studies
positive correlation
perfect positive correlation: +1
negative correlation
perfect negative correlation: -1
[-1.1]
experimental method
participants
subjects
population
sampling
random sampling
stratified sampling
experiment groups
experiment group
control group
longitudinal studies and cross-sectional studies
longitudinal studies
advantages
can better observe key turning points
suitable for studying the stability of development, role of early influences and case studies
disadvantages
time-consuming
easy to lose subjects
exercise effect, fatigue effect
cross-sectional studies
advantages
saves time and money
can compare multiple variables at once
disadvantages
cannot study key turning points
cohort effect
ethical guidelines
animal research
must have clear scientific purpose
must answer a specific, important scientific question
animal chosen must be best-suited to question
care for animals in a humane way
must acquire animals legally
minimise suffering
human research
no coercion
informed consent
deception must not invalidate informed consent
anonymity or confidentiality
restrict potential mental or physical risks
debriefing
statistical analysis
descriptive statistics
central tendencies
mode
most frequent score
mean
arithmetic average
median
centre of distribution of scores
frequency distribution
measures of variability
range
max - min
standard deviation
z score
inferential statistics
sampling error
p value
significant difference
confounding/control variables
situation-relevant confounding variables
participant-relevant confounding variables
Hawthorne effect; social desirability
single-blind procedure
experimenter-relevant confounding variables
expectancy effects
double-blind procedure
placebo effect