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THEORIES & PHILOSOPHIES OF READING, NUR AIN NAJWA BINTI AZMI 20BE01039…
THEORIES & PHILOSOPHIES OF READING
Theories in Reading
The Cognitive View
Enhanced the role of b/ground knowledge in addition to what appeared on the printed page
Goodman (1967) mentioned that reading as a psycholinguistic guessing game-readers read the text, make hypotheses, confirm or reject them, make new hypotheses.
Reader is the heart of the reading process
The Metacognitive View
Block (1992)-no more debate on whether reading is
Bottom up or top down
Knowledge-based process
Metacognition-thinking about one is doing while reading. Klein (1991) stated that strategic readers attempt the following while reading:
Identifying the form or type of the text before reading
Thinking about general character & features of the text
Identifying the purpose of reading before reading.
Based on the control & manipulation that a reader can have on the act of comprehending a text.
The Traditional View
Dole (1991) said that novice readers acquire a set of hierarchically ordered sub skills-build toward comprehension ability.
If readers have mastered these skills-EXPERT-able to comprehend what they read.
Focused on printed form of a text
Reading strategies
Humanism
Success in learning will occur if the learning environment is right, the learners are interested and have a positive attitude towards the new information.
Place great importance on affective and emotional factors
Students must have a favourable attitude towards the language, teacher & speaker of the language.
Teacher must create condusive, non-threatening environment.
Must develop students’ self esteem.
Humanistic approach places the students at the centre of the learning process.
Selection of activities, content, materials must take into account the students’ affective domain.
Experiential learning-is encouraged so that it can increase personal involvement, stimulation of feelings and thinking, self initiation and self-evaluation.
Cognitivism
Places emphasis on the learners & how they organize their knowledge.
No repetition & drills-propose teaching learners how to analyse problems and how to think for themselves.
Learned-centred-focus on discovery learning via deductive & inductive approaches.
Inductive - EXAMPLES => RULES
Deductive - RULES => EXAMPLES
Learning & Acquiisition
Acquisition
Unconscious learning-very similar to the way one learns the native language.
Gradually master the language-communicate with the people around him.
Learning
Conscious process of learning-learn in an organized manner-following a programme of syllabus
Able to produce the language items presented systematically and formally.
Behaviorism
Believe that it is possible to predict and explain the way people learn by studying the behaviour of animals.
Language=forms of behaviour
Language learning=process of habit formation.
Psychologists involved: Ivan Pavlov, J.B Watson, Skinner Thorndike.
Behaviorist theory of learning provided teachers with a set of principles and easy to implement classroom procedures.
Audio-lingual Method (ALM)
Popular in the 1950s and 1960s
MAIN FEATURES OF THE ALM
Aural-oral skills
Repetition & drills
Immediate correction of errors
Immediate reward after every response
The use of target language only
Teacher-centredness
NUR AIN NAJWA BINTI AZMI 20BE01039