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Antioxidants, Dietary forms of antioxidants: Minerals, water soluble…

- - - - the reactions the free radicals take to achieve stability are what cause bodily harm, antioxidants stop the chain reactions from causing damage
    - - UV light
      - toxins
      - radiation exposure
      - tobacco smoke
      - pollution
- - - - vitamin A
        
        Carotenoids: Provitamin A
        
        Deficiency
        
        weakened immune system
        
        skin damage
        
        night blindness
        
        Toxicity
        
        no known toxicity symptoms
        
        Relationship with retinol
        
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        Types: β-carotene, α-carotene, lycopene, cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin
        
        Food Sources of β-carotene
        
        Red and orange fruits
        
        green and orange vegetables
        
        Non-antioxidant roles
        
        protects skin from rays of sun
        
        anti-inflammatory - immune system support
        
        protects against age-related eye damage
        
        Antioxidant role
        
        neutralizes free radicals in lipids and LDL
        
        Retinoids: Performed vitamin A
        
        Deficiency
        
        Growth, Development and Reproduction - children growth failure, abnormal jaw bone growth that could lead to poor dental health
        
        Vision
        
        Night blindness - retina; may progress to blindness
        
        Xerophthalmia (dry eyes) - cornea; could lead to blindness; up to 0.5 million children suffer from blindness from this every year
        
        Health of mucous membrane - reduced mucous production, keratinization of cells, increases infection risk
        
        Immunity - children suffer from measles, its severity corresponds with deficiency
        
        Toxicity
        
        Types of toxicity
        
        Teratogenic: vitamin A supplemental intake during pregnancy
        
        Chronic: regular high intake over a period of time
        
        Acute: single large dose
        
        Symptoms
        
        no appetite, reduction if bone density, dry skin, nausea, headache
        
        Causes
        
        food intake and supplement use
        
        Food sources
        
        Found in protein-rich foods such as fish oil, eggs, milk, butter, cheese
        
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        Relationship with beta-carotene
        
        Beta-carotene is stored in liver or adipose tissues, and can be converted into retinal and retinol
        
        90% stored in liver, little stored in adipose tissue
        
        Forms: Retinol - reproduction, mostly stored in liver; Retinal - Vision; Retinoic acid - Growth and development
    - - toxicity
        
        Cause
        
        overconsumption of supplements
        
        Symptoms
        
        muscle weakness, fatigue, nausea, diarrhea
      - Food sources
        
        storage
        
        is easily destroyed by high heat or exposure to light and O2, therefore store in a cool, dark, area
        
        nuts/seeds, liver, egg yolk
      - non antioxidant roles
        
        reduces platelet aggregation and protects against heart disease
      - role in the body
        
        protects DNA from damage/cancer prevention
        
        captures free radicals in the cell membrane (especially in lung, mitochondrial and nuclear membranes)
      - Deficiency
        
        Preterm infants at greatest risk
        
        low transfer from mother to fetus, needs more for growth during the last few weeks of pregnancy
        
        Hemolytic anemia: loss of red blood cell membrane integrity, red blood cells unable to carry enough oxygen to cells for energy reproduciton
      - Relationship with vitamin C
      - Relationship with selenium
        
        Selenium reduces the number of free radicals, conserving the use of vitamin E
- - - - uncommon in North America, due to selenium-rich soil
- - - - scurvy
      - bleeding gums, loose teeth
      - Petechae
      - Painful joints
    - - alcoholics
      - smokers
        
        smokers have an RDA +35 mg a day, needed to combat the free radical damage due to tobacco oxidants
      - burn patients