Unit 5 Biology
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which the instructions in our DNA are converted into a functional product, such as a protein
Transcription
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Transcription is the process where a small part of DNA is transcribed to the mRNA so that it can be translated into a protein.
DNA unwinds into two separate strands.
enzyme RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA by finding a promoter,
the RNA polymerase moves through the DNA,
Adds complementary bases to mRNA
Different bases, same info
RNA
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DNA
Unstable copy of DNA
Uses the same bases as DNA except replaces thymine with uracil
Structure:
mRNA
carries a small gene from DNA
tRNA
tRNA is used during translation
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Stable molecule
Carries Genetic info for development and functioning
Created by nitrogenous bases Thymine, Adenine, Guanine, and Cyanine.
Structure:
Double helix
Sugar phosphate backbone
Blue part
Bases
The green and red part
Complimentary bases
Mutations
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Frameshift
Deletion and insertion
These mutation switch bases:
Missense
Change amino acid sequence but not protein.
Silent
No change in amino acid sequecne or protien.
Nonsense
Change to amino acids sequence and protein
Translation
PCR & Gel Electrophoresis
There are 3 steps of PCR:
Denaturation,
where the DNA is heated to 95C and the strands are separated,
Annealing,
where it is cooled to 45-60C and primers are attached to it
Extension
at 72C where the rest of the strand is filled in starting at the primer.
used to classify different lengths of DNA and RNA.
First, a gel is prepared
Similar to jello
Next, DNA is placed into the wells in the gel,
ladder on the left as a comparison and controls
buffer solution
allows an electric current to run through the gel
DNA has a negative charge,
it will move through the gel toward the positive current.
Different lengths of DNA will move at different speeds and to different places
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Uracil, thymine, and cytosine are all pyrimidines
Guanine and adenine are purines
Guanine and cytosine
Adenine and uracil
Adenine and thymine
Bases that make up DNA
Central Dogma
The central dogma of biology is that genetic information only flows in one direction: DNA to RNA to Proteins