General grammar
Verb
Describes an action, experience or state
Adverb
adds to the meaning of the verb, adjective, another adverb or a sentence
Adjective
describes noun or a pronoun
Pronoun: a word that is used instead of a noun or NP
Subject
Usually comes before main verb.
a noun, NP, or pronoun: represents the person / thing that PERFORMS the - action of the verb
Direct object
person / thing that is affected of a transitive verb
Verb tenses
Present
Past
Future
Simple
Progressive
Perfect
Perfect progressive
Noun
Common vs proper
Transitive, intransitive & linking
Countable vs uncountable
Auxiliary verbs
supportive role
common: any noun that isn't the name of a particular: person, place or thing
Proper: always in capital, the name of e.g. a person, place, thing and brand
Countable: e.g. book(s), car(s) etc. things that can be counted in plural form
Uncountable: e.g. water, Internet, sky
Abstract vs concrete
Abstract: something we cannot directly interact with.
E.g. feeling, weather
Concrete: pennies, dog, apple
ONLY the simple form of a verb
Present: Walk
Past: I had walked
Past: Walked
Future: will walk
Past: I was walking
Present: I am walking
Future: I will be walking
Present: I have walked
Future: I will have walked
Past: I had been walking
Present: I have been walking
Future: I will have been walking
Now
Then
Hasn't happened yet
transitive: (transports) information. Only makes sense if the action has an object
intransitive: makes sense without an object. Does't define whom or what
linking verbs: connects the subject in a sentence to a subject complement (e.g.
Be, do, have. To show time, mood, tense etc
Clauses
SubClause: cannot stand on its own
MainClause: stands on its own
Agents
Patient: is affected by the action performed by agent
Agent: "makes" the action happen
Word classes
Open word classes: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, interjections
Closed word classes: pronouns, numerals, prepositions, conjunctions
Prefix: e.g. anti- and pre-
Suffixes: e.g. -ous and -wise
Personal: she, they, us
Reflexive: myself, themselves
Possessive: his, their
Demonstrative: this, those
Interrogative: who, whose
Relative: who, that
Exclamatory: what, such
Quantifying / indefinite: all, every, some
E.g. shiny red car