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Elena Baechli (Period 5) Cardiovascular system - Coggle Diagram
Elena Baechli (Period 5) Cardiovascular system
Major components and functions of blood
Functions of blood
Transport
delivering O2 nutrients to body cell
Transporting metabolic waste to lungs and kidneys for elimination
Transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs
Regulation
maintaining body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat
maintaining normal pH using buffers; alkaline reserves of the bicarbonate ions
maintaining adequate fluid volume and circulator system
Protection
preventing blood loss
plasma, protein and platelets and blood initiate clot formation
preventing infection
agents of immunity or carried in blood
antibodies
complements proteins
white blood cells
cells are living blood cells called formed elements
Erthrocytes (Red blood cells, RBCs)
are dedicated to respiratory gas transport
hemoglobin binds reversibly with oxygen
cell has biconcave disc-shape
Leukocytes (White blood cells, WBCs)
<1% of whole blood
function in defense against disease
complete cell with nuclei and organelles
two major categories
Granulocytes: contain visible cytoplasmic granules (neutrophilic, eosinophilia, basophils)
Agranulocytes: do not contain visible cytoplasmic granules (lymphocytes, monocytes)
Platelets
fragments of larger megakaryocyte
involved in blood clotting process
Function: form temporary platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels
platelet formation is regulated by thrombopoietin
Plasma
55% of whole blood
least dense component
about 90% water
nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, proteins, inorganic ions
Albumin makes up 60% of plasma proteins
ABO, Rh blood types
ABO blood group
based on present of two aggutinogenes (A and B) on surface of RBCs
blood make contain performed anti-A or anti-B antibodies (agglutinins)
Rh blood type
Rh factors of protein that can be found on the surface of red blood cells
If your blood cells have this protein, you are positive
If your blood cells do not have this protein, you are negative
Example of positive or a negative refers to your Rh status
Major functions of the cardiovascular system
Right side
receives oxygen – poor blood from tissues
pumps blood to lungs to get rid of CO2, pick up 02, via pulmonary circuit
Left side
receives oxygenated blood from lungs
pumps blood to body tissue via systematic circuit
Anatomy of the heart
Receving chambers
right atrium
Receives blood returning from systematic circuit
Left atrium
Receives blood returning from pulmonary circuit
receive incoming blood
interatrial septum: separates atria
Pumping chambers
right ventricle
Pump blood through pulmonary circuit
Left ventricle
Blood through systematic circuit
pumps blood out of the heart
Interventricular septum: seperates ventricles
Atrioventricular (AV) Valves
Two atrioventricular valves prevent backflow into atria when ventricles contract
tricuspid valve (Right AV valve): made up of 3 cusps and lies between right atria and ventricle
Mitral valve (left AV valve, bicuspid valve): made up of 2 cusps and lies between left atria and ventricle
Semilunar (SL) Valves
Two semilunar valves prevent backflow from major arteries back into ventricles
each valve consist of 3 cusps that roughly resemble a half moon
Pulmonary semilunar valve: located between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Aortic semilunar valve: located between left ventricle and aorta
Layers of the heart
Three layers of the heart
Epicardium: visceral layer os serous
Myocardium: circular or spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells
Endocardium: innermost layer; is continuous with endothelial lining of blood vessels
lines heart chambers
Covering of the heart
pericardium: double-walled sac that surrounds heart; made. up of two layers
Parietal layer lines internal surface of fibrous pericardium
Visceral layer (epicardium) on external surface of heart
Two layers separated by fluid-filled pericardial cavity (decreases friction)
Blood flow through the heart and body
Right side of the heart
superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and coronary sinus
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary arteries
Lungs
Left side of the heart
for pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Mitral valve
Left ventricle
Aortic semilunar valve
Aorta
Systemic circulation
Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types
Arteries
arteries divided into three groups, based on size and function
elastic arteries: thick-walled with large, low–resistant lumen
Expand and recoil as blood as ejected thumb heart
Muscular arteries
Elastic elastic arteries rise to muscular arteries
Also called disturbing arteries because they deliver blood to body organs
Arterioles
Arterioles: smallest of all arteries
Also called resistant order because changing diameters changes resistant to blood flow
Veins
veins: carry blood towards the heart
Formation begins with capillary bed and postcapillary venules and merge into larger and larger veins
Venules
Larger venules have one or two layers of smooth muscle cells
Blood pressure lower than an arteries, so adaptions ensure return of blood to heart
Venous valves
Prevent backflow of blood
Venous sinuses
Flattened veins with extremely thin walls
Capillaries
microscopic vessels; diameter, so small, only single RBC can pass through at a time
Function: exchange of gases, nutrient, waste, hormones, etc., between blood and interstitial fluid
capillary bed: intervwoven network at capillaries between arteriioles and venules
vascular shunt: channel that directly connects arteriole with venule (bypasses to capillaries)
Precapillary sphincter: acts as valvel regulating blood flow into capillary bed
Cardiac cycle and the ECG
Cardiac cycle
Blood flow throught heart during one complete heartbeat
Atrial systole and diastole are followed by ventricular systole and diastole
cycle represents series of pressure and blood volume changes
mechanical events follow electrical events seen on ECG
Systole: period of heart contraction
Diastole: period of heart relaxation
ECG
Electrocardiogram (EG or EKG) is a graphic recording of electro activity
Electrodes are placed at various points on body to measure voltage differences
12 lead ECG is most typical
Main features
P Wave: depolarization of SA node and atria
QRS complex: ventricular deolarization and atria repolarization
T wave: ventricular repolarization
P-R interval: beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation
S-T segment: entire ventricular myocardium depolarized
– Q-T interval: beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization
Major blood vessels
Veins
Coronary veins
cardiac veins collect blood from capillary beds
coronary sinus empties into right atrium; formed by merging cardiac veins
great cardiac vein of anterior interventricular sulcus
middle cardiac vein in posterior interventricular sulcus
small cardiac vein from inferior margin
Arteries
Coronary Arteries
left coronary artery supplies interventricular septum, anterior ventricular walls, left atrium, and posterior wall of left ventricle
Right coronary artery supplies right atrium and most of right ventricle
Vital signs
Blood pressure
systemic arterial BP is measured indirectly by auscultatory methods using a sphygmomanometer
systolic pressure: normally less than 120 mm Hg
pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction
Diastolic pressure: normally less than 80 mm Hg
lowest level of aortic pressure when heart is at rest
Pulse
radial pluse (taken at the wrist); most routinely used, but there are other clinically important pluse points
pressure points: areas where arteries are close to body surface
Disorders of the cardiovascular system
Myocardial infarction (Heart attack)
Blood flow to part of the heart is blocked
Symptoms: chest pain, dizziness, sweating
Treatment options: nitroglycerin, angioplasty, coronary by pass
Causes or Risk Factors: blood clot, obesity, smoking, stress, age/sex
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
Arteries narrow and reduce blood flow to etremities
Causes or Risk factors: limb trama, smoking, obesity
Symptoms: weak pluse, hair loos arms/legs, skin color change
Treatment options: medication, lifestyle changes, bypass surgery
Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)
Blood flow to a portion of the brain is interrupted
Causes or Risk Factor: Clogged arteries, diabetes, aneurysm
Symptoms: confusion, memory loss, severe headache
Treatment Options: blood thinners, physical therapy, thrombolytics
Endocarditis & Myocarditis
Inflammation of the heart
Causes of Risk Factor: Recent surgery, virus, bacterial, or fungal infection, rheumatoid arthritis
Symptoms: chest pain, fatigue, fever
Treatment options: antibodies, medication, diuretics
Congenital Heart Disease
Issue with heart structure and/or function present from birth
causes or risk factors: tetralogy of fallot, Ebstein's anomaly, aortic stenosis
symptoms: chest pain, fatigue, fever
treatment options: antibiotics, medication, diuretics