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UNIT 4 - Coggle Diagram
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Translation occurs at ribosomes, where the mRNA message is read by transfer RNA (tRNA) to create proteins, makes many polypeptides and amino acids
Each codon(a three-letter genetic sequence found in both DNA and RNA) on the mRNA specifies a particular amino acid and multiple codons can code for the same amino acid
The tRNA molecules deliver amino acids to the ribosome and bind temporarily to the corresponding codon on the mRNA
This process continues until a protein is formed, and proteins carry out most of the active functions of a cell
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It consists of deoxyribose, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
DNA has four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine
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Nucleotides consist of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
The structure of DNA is a double helix, with Adenine always pairing with thymine, and cytosine always pairing with guanine
Before cell division, DNA needs to replicate through a process called semiconservative replication
DNA cannot leave the nucleus and is copied through a process called replication, where the molecule is opened up and the two sides are copied
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Lysis buffer recipe includes detergent, salt, and water to break open cells and release DNA
Detergent is used to capture lipids and proteins, disrupting cell membranes
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Alcohol is added to separate DNA, which remains as a layer on top of the mixture
The stuff at the interface between the solution and alcohol is the DNA precipitated out and able to be pulled out
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It has 3 components: Nitrogenous bases, 5-carbon sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group
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X-ray Crystallography Data suggests that DNA has a double helix structure with 2 strands and 10 base pairs
DNA discovered in 1869, comprised of nucleotides
Watson, crick, and franklin
Nucleotide contains phosphate, pentose sugar, and nitrogenous base
Four nitrogenous bases in DNA: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine
Early belief that nitrogen bases occurred in all living things in the same pattern, but this would not allow for genetic differences
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Frog DNA: 6% adenine, estimated 6% thymine, remaining 88% split between cytosine and guanine(44%)
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DNA structure: nucleotide, deoxyribose, phosphate group, base pair, hydrogen bond, nitrogenous base
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So, RNA polymerase finds the promoter and binds to the DNA.
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Translation occurs at ribosomes, where the mRNA message is read by transfer RNA (tRNA) to create proteins, making many polypeptides and amino acids.
Transcription occurs in the nucleus, while translation occurs in the cytoplasm.
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mRNA bases are grouped into sets of three called codons, and each codon has a complementary set of bases called an anticodon
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Differences between DNA and RNA include the replacement of thymine with uracil, single strand in RNA, and RNA having more oxygen
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There are three main types of RNA: mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA
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Simulation involves filling out a table, answering questions, and going through the steps of translation
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Enters through A, makes a polypeptide in P, and leaves in site E
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While tRNAs bring in amino acids, the ribosomes match the mRNA with the codon
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