Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Cardiovascular Concept Mia Alvarez period 3 - Coggle Diagram
Cardiovascular Concept Mia Alvarez period 3
Blood flow through the heart and body-
Blood flow proceeds in a continuous circle
Two circuits, or subdivisions, for blood flow with respect to gas exchange
Pulmonary circuit-Blood flow between heart and lungs
Systemic circuit- Blood flow between heart and body tissues
Oxygen-poor blood returns to the right atrium via the superior and inferior
venae cava and coronary sinus
The right atrium contracts, forcing blood through the tricuspid valve into the
right ventricle
The right ventricle contracts, closing the tricuspid valve, and forcing blood
through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk and arteries
The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the lungs, where it enters alveolar
capillaries, the site of gas exchange with the alveoli of the lungs; here the blood
drops off carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen
Oxygen-rich blood flows back to the left atrium of the heart via pulmonary veins
The left atrium pumps blood through the mitral (bicuspid) valve into the left
ventricle
The left ventricle contracts, closing the mitral valve, opening the aortic semilunar
valve, and pumping blood into the aorta for distribution to the systemic circuit of
the body
Major components and functions of Blood
Blood: a type of connective tissue with a fluid matrix
The blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets,and plasma
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are called the formed elements of the blood
When oxygen is released, deoxyhemoglobin is darker in red color
The number of red blood cells in circulation determines the
blood's oxygen-carrying capacity, so this has an effect on general health
In the embryo and fetus, RBC production occurs in the yolk sac, liver, and
spleen; after birth, it occurs in the red bone marrow
Major functions of the cardiovascular system
Blood transports nutrients and oxygen to the body cells, and
removes metabolic wastes and carbon dioxide
Biconcave disks; this shape makes the RBCs flexible as they travel through blood vessels, puts oxygen in close proximity to the hemoglobin, and increases surface area for gas exchange
a closed circuit that consists of the heart
and blood vessels
Arteries transport blood away from the heart, veins transport
blood toward the heart, and capillaries are vessels that run between arteries and veins
Oxygen-poor blood is carried by the pulmonary circuit to the
lungs, where it picks up oxygen and drops off carbon dioxide
The systemic circuit sends oxygen-rich blood to all body cells, where it drops of oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide
ABO, Rh blood types
Type A blood- has A antigens on RBC membranes and anti-B antibodies in the plasma
Type B blood-has B antigens on RBC membranes and anti-A antibodies in the plasma
Type AB blood- has both A and B antigens on RBC membranes, but neither type of antibodies in the plasma; universal recipient
Type O blood- has neither antigen on RBC membranes, but both types of antibodies in the plasma; universal donor
Rh Blood Group- If the Rh factor s present on a person’s red blood cells, the blood is Rh positive; if absent, the blood is Rh negative
Rh- There are no corresponding antibodies in the plasma, unless a person with Rh-negative blood has physical contact with Rh- positive blood; the person will then develop anti-Rh antibodies
Anatomy of the heart-
The heart is a hollow, cone-shaped, muscular pump within the mediastinum in the thoracic cavity
Average adult heart is 14 cm long and 9 cm wide, about size of a fist
Heart lies between the lungs, anterior to the vertebral column, and behind the sternum
Base lies beneath the second rib
Apex extends to the fifth intercostal space
The heart contains 4 chambers: 2 upper chambers called atria, and 2 lower chambers called ventricles
Layers of the heart-
The outer, tough, connective tissue fibrous pericardium
The inner, more delicate, double-layered serous pericardium,
Parietal pericardium, the outer layer of the serous membrane, which lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
Visceral pericardium (epicardium), the inner layer of the serous membrane, that covers the heart
Pericardial cavity, the space between the visceral and parietal layers, which contains serous fluid for reducing friction between the layers
Epicardium- the outermost layer; serous membrane made up of connective tissue and epithelium; decreases friction in the heart
Myocardium: the middle layer; consists of cardiac muscle, and is the thickest layer of the heart wall; pumps blood out of heart chambers
Endocardium: the inner layer; made up of connective tissue and epithelium; continuous with the endothelium of major vessels joining the heart; contains the Purkinje fibers (part of the cardiac conduction system)
Cardiac cycle and the ECG-
Sinoatrial (SA) Node: A self-exciting mass of specialized cardiac muscle, which serves as the pacemaker; located in the posterior right atrium; generates the impulses for the heartbeat
From the SA node, impulses spread to atrioventricular (AV) Node: Passes impulses to the AV bundle, delaying the signal until atria have finished contracting; located in the interatrial septum (between the right and left
atrium)
AV Bundle (Bundle of His): From the AV node, impulses pass to the AV bundle and travel down the interventricular septum
Bundle Branches: AV bundle divides into left and right bundle branches under the endocardium
Purkinje fibers: Bundle branches give off the purkinje fibers, which spread impulses to the ventricular wall and papillary muscles
Electrocardiogram (ECG): a recording of the electrical changes that occur during a cardiac cycle
P Wave: The first wave, which corresponds to the depolarization of the atria; this leads to the contraction of the atria
QRS Complex: Corresponds to the depolarization of ventricles, which leads to contraction of the ventricles; the repolarization of the atria occurs during the QRS complex, but is hidden behind the larger
ventricular event
T Wave: Corresponds to ventricular repolarization, and leads to ventricular relaxation