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Brianna Cabrera P.1 Cardiovascular System - Coggle Diagram
Brianna Cabrera P.1 Cardiovascular System
Major components and functions of Blood
Blood transports nutrients and oxygen to the body cells, and
removes metabolic wastes and carbon dioxide
White blood cells (leukocytes)
Help the body against diseases (fight infection)
They are formed from hemocytoblasts (hematopoietic stem cells) in red bone marrow. WBCs can leave the bloodstream to fight infection, by squeezing between cells of wall of small blood vessels.
Basophils
promote inflammation by secreting haparin and histamine
Agranulocytes
Do not have granular cytoplasm, have a longer lifespan
Eosinophils
Kill certain parasites and moderate inflammation
Monocytes
Strong phagocytes, migrate to some tissues and differentiate into macrophages
Neutrophils
Strong phagocytes
Lymphocytes
Responsible for immunity, attack specific foreign pathogens
Granulocytes
Have granular cytoplasm, life span is about 12 hours
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
Carry oxygen from the lungs to deliver throughout the body
Biconcave disks makes the RBCs flexible as they travel through
blood vessels
Hemoglobin transports oxygen and some carbon dioxide through the blood, RBCs contain 1/3 of hemoglobin
RBC production is called erythropoiesis
RBC production occurs in the yolk sac, liver, and
spleen; after birth, it occurs in the red bone marrow (hemopoiesis)
RBCs live around 120 days
increase in red blood cells is called polycythemia, which causes
viscous, slow moving blood and oxygen deficiency
Platelets
Platelets help repair damaged blood vessels by adhering to their broken edges; the stoppage of bleeding is called hemostasis
Low platelet count increases risk of bleeding
Plasma
Plasma is the liquid matrix
Transports nutrients and gases, regulates fluid and electrolyte balance, and maintain an optimal pH
Cells and platelets are suspended in the plasma, plasma is 92% water
ABO, Rh blood types
Antigen
A molecule that evokes an immune response
Blood groups are based on presence or absence of 2 antigens: Antigen A and Antigen B
Antibody
A protein produced by the immune system to attack a specific antigen not found on the person's own cells
Agglutination
Clumping of red blood cells following transfusion, happens when a person is given a transfusion of incompatible blood
Rh blood group
If the Rh factor (antigen D) is present on a person's red blood cells, the blood is Rh positive; if absent, the blood is Rh negative
There are two ways Rh-negative can have contact with Rh-positive blood, a transfuion or preganancy
ABO Blood Groups
Type B blood
B antigens on RBC membranes and anti-A antibodies in the plasma
Type AB blood
A and B antigens on RBC membranes, but neither type of antibodies in the plasma; universal recipient
Type A blood
A antigens on RBC membranes and anti-B antibodies in the plasma
Type O blood
Has neither antigen on RBC membranes, but both types of antibodies in the plasma ; universal donor
Cardiac cycle and the ECG
The cardiac cycle consists of the following events
Then the ventricles contract (called ventricular systole), while the atria relax (called atrial diastole)
Then the entire heart relaxes for a brief moment
First the atria contract (called atrial systole), while ventricles relax (called ventricular diastole)
Electrocardiogram (ECG): a recording of the electrical changes that occur during a cardiac cycle
P Wave
The first wave, which corresponds to the depolarization of
the atria; this leads to the contraction of the atria
QRS Complex
Corresponds to the depolarization of ventricles, which
leads to contraction of the ventricles; the repolarization of the atria occurs during the ORS complex, but is hidden behind the larger ventricular event
T Wave
Corresponds to ventricular repolarization, and leads to
ventricular relaxation
During the cardiac cycle, pressure within the heart chambers rises and falls with the contraction and relaxation of atria and ventricles
Major functions of the cardiovascular system
The cardio vascular system is a closed circuit that consists of the heart and blood vessels
Removes waste products
Protects the body against disease and infection
Circulates Oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
Provides cells with nutrients
Clotting stops bleeding after injury
Blood flow through the heart and body
Poorly oxygenated blood enters the Right Atrium from the Superior/inferior vena cava and coronary sins
The right atrium contracts, forcing blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
The right ventricle contracts, closing the tricuspid valve, and forcing blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk and arteries
The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the lungs, where it enters alveolar capillaries, the blood gets rid of carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen
Oxygen-rich blood flows back to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins
The left atrium pumps blood through the mitral (bicuspid) valve into the left ventricle
The left ventricle contracts, closing the mitral valve, opening the aortic semilunar valve
pumping blood into the aorta for distribution to the systemic circuit of
the body
Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types (arteries, veins,capillaries)
Capillaries
Capillaries are blood vessels with the smallest diameter
They connect small arterioles to small venules
They consist only of a layer of endothelium, through which
substances are exchanged with tissue cells (diffusion)
Venules and Veins
Venules leading from capillaries merge to form larger veins, that
return blood to the heart
Contractions of skeletal muscle squeeze blood back up veins one valve section at a time
Arteries and Arterioles
Arteries are strong, elastic vessels adapted for carrying high-
pressure blood
Arteries transport blood away from the heart
Arteries become smaller as they divide and give rise to arterioles
sympathetic control of arteries and arterioles is used to
regulate blood flow and blood pressure, Walls of arterioles get thinner as they approach the capillaries
Vital signs (BP and Pulse)
BP exists all through the cardiovascular system
Systolic pressure: maximum arterial pressure reached during
ventricular contraction (systole)
Diastolic pressure: minimum arterial pressure reached during
ventricular relaxation (diastole), just before the next contraction
Arterial blood pressure rises and falls according to a pattern
established by the cardiac cycle
A sphygmomanometer is used to measure arterial blood
pressure
Wall of an artery as
the ventricles contract and relax can be felt at certain points in the body as a pulse
Pulse points include the radial artery, carotid artery,
brachial artery, and femoral artery
Blood pressure is determined by cardiac output (CO) and peripheral resistance (PR)
A BP of no greater than 120/80 (systolic/diastolic) at rest is
considered normal
Disorders of the cardiovascular system
Cerebrovascular Accident (stroke)
Blood flow to a portion of the brain is interrupted
Endocarditis and Myocarditis
Inflammation of the heart
Peripheral Artery Disease
Arteries narrow and reduce blood flow to extremities
Congenital Heart Disease
Issue with heart structure or function present from birth
Myocardial Infarction
Blood flow to part of the heart is blocked (heart attack)