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Concept Map: 08 Cardiovascular concept map - Coggle Diagram
Concept Map: 08 Cardiovascular concept map
Major components and functions of Blood
-It has four main components: plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Blood has many different functions, including: transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues. forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss.
ABO, Rh blood types
blood groups are based on
presence or absence
of 2 important antigens on RBC membranes:
antigen A
and
antigen B
type A blood:*
has A antigens on RBC membranes and anti-B antibodies in the plasma
type B blood:
has B antigens on RBC membranes and anti-A antibodies in the plasma
type AB blood:
has both A and B antigens on RBC membranes, but neither type of antibodies in the plasma; universal recipient
type O blood:
has neither antigen on RBC membranes, but both types of antibodies in the plasma; universal donor
humans, group included several **RH antigens or factors
Major functions of the cardiovascular system
Cardiovascular system:
a closed circuit that consist of the heart and blood vessels (arteries, capillaries,and veins)
Arteries
transport blood away from the heart
veins
transport blood toward the heart, and
capillaries
are vessels that run between arteries and vein
Oxygen:
poor blood is carried by the
pulmonary circuit
to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and drops off carbon dioxide
the
systemic circuit
sends oxygen - rich blood to all body cells where it drops off oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide
Anatomy of the heart (including all chambers, and valves)
the heart contains 4 chamber; 2 upper chambers called atria and 2 lower chambers called
ventricle
atria receive blood returning to the heart; have thin walls and ear-life
auricles
projecting from their exterior
**interventricular septum seperates the ventricle on the right from the left
each side has an
atrioventricular (AV) valve
to ensure one-way flow of blood from atria to ventricle
right AV (tricuspid) valve
and
left AV (bicuspid or mitral) valve
have cuspids to which
chordae tendinae
attach
-
superior and inferior vena cava
bring blood back from the systemic circuit to the
right atrium
coronary sinus
drains blood from the myocardium (coronary circulation) into right atrium
right ventricle
has a thinner wall than the left ventricle because it mush pump blood only as far as the lungs compared to the left ventricle pumping to the entire body
each side has a
semilunar valve
between the ventricle and the blood vessel into which blood is pumped
Layers of the heart
the
pericardium
is a membranous sac that encloses the heart
pericardium consists of 2 portions:
the outer, tough, connective tissue
fibrous pericardium
the inner, more delicate, double- layered
serous pericardium
, which consists of :
parietal pericardium
, the outer layer of the serous membrane which lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
**visceral pericardium (epicardium), the inner layer of the serous membrane that covers the heart
pericardial cavity
the space between the visceral and parietal layers, which contains serous fluid for reducing friction between the layers
Blood flow through the heart and body
blood flow proceeds in a continuous circle
2 circuits or subdivisions for blood flow with respect to gas exchange:
pulmonary circuits
blood flow between heart and lungs
systemic circuit
blood flow between heart and body tissues
**oxygen-poor blood returns to the right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus
the right atrium contracts forcing blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
the right ventricle contracts closing the tricuspid valve and forcing blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk and arteries
the pulmonary arteries carry blood to the lungs where it enters alveolar capillaries the site of gas exchange with the alveoli of the lungs; here the blood drops off carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen
oxygen-rich blood flows back to the left atrium of the heart via pulmonary veins
the left atrium pumps blood through the mitral valve into the left ventricle
the left ventricle contracts closing the mitral valve opening the aortic semilunar valve and pumping blood into the aorta for distribution to the systemic circuit of the body
Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types (arteries, veins,
capillaries)
right and left coronary arteries: 1st branches of aorta carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart
branches of coronary arteries often have connections caled anastonmoses; these rpovide alternate pathways for blood in case a pathway becomes blocked
cardiac veins drain blood from the heart muscle and carry it to the coronary sinus a large vein that empties into the right atrium
Cardiac cycle and the ECG
A typical ECG tracing of the cardiac cycle (heartbeat) consists of a P wave (atrial depolarization ), a QRS complex (ventricular depolarization), and a T wave (ventricular repolarization).
Major blood vessels (names arteries and veins)
Your aorta and pulmonary trunk (arteries) send blood out of your heart. Your pulmonary veins, superior vena cava and inferior vena cava (veins) carry blood into your heart.
Vital signs (BP and Pulse)
Blood pressure: between 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg.
Breathing: 12 to 18 breaths per minute.
Pulse: 60 to 100 beats per minute.
Disorders of the cardiovascular system
Myocardial Infarction (heart attack)
description: blood flow to part of the heart is blocked
Causes or risk factors: Blood clot, plaque in coronary arteries, smoking
Symptoms: chest pain, dizziness, sweating
Treatment options: nitroglycerin, thrombolytic, angioplasty
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
Description: arteries narrow and reduce blood flow to extremities
Cause or risk factors: atherosclerosis, limb trauma, diabetes
Symptoms: leg and arm pain, weak pulse, wounds don ´ t heal
Treatment options: medication, bypass surgery, thrombolytic therapy
Cerebrovascular Accident (stroke)
Description: blood flow to a portion of the the brain is interrupted
Causes or risk factors: clogged arteries, high blood pressure, diabetes
Symptoms: severe headache, muscle weakness, memory loss
Treatment options: thrombolytic, blood thinners, physical therapy
Endocarditis & Myocarditis
Description: inflammation of the heart
Causes or risk factors: heart valve damage, recent surgery, virus, bacterial, or fungal infection
Symptoms: chest pain, edema, muscle and joint pain
Congenital Heart Disease
Description: Issue with heart structure and/or function present from birth
Causes or risk factors: aortic stenosis, tricuspid , pulmonary stenosis
Symptoms: may cause death, dependent on condition, cyanosis common
Treatment options: medication, surgical intervention, some abnormalities may heal on their own