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Cardiovascular System Camila CastilloCruz P.2 - Coggle Diagram
Cardiovascular System
Camila CastilloCruz P.2
Major Components and Functions of Blood
The major components of the blood are red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets
Blood transport substances throughout the body, helps to maintain homeostasis and distributes heat
Blood transports nutrients and oxygen to the body cells, and removes metabolic wastes and carbon dioxide
ABO & Rh Blood Types
ABO:
- Type A Blood:
has A antigens and RBC membranes and anti-B antibodies in the plasma
- Type B Blood
: Has B antigens and RBC membranes and A anti-bodies in the plasma
- Type AB Blood:
has both A and B antigens on the RBC membranes, but neither type of antibodies in the plasma (Universal Recipient)
- Type O Blood:
has neither antigen on RBc membrane, but has both types of antibodies in the plasma (Universal Donor)
Rh:
Most common antigen of the group is Antigen D
If the Rh factor (antigen D) is present on a persons RBCs, the blood is Rh positive; if the antigen is not present its Rh negative
There are no corresponding antibodies in the plasma, unless a person with Rh- blood has physical contact with Rh+ blood
Major Functions of the Cardiovascular System
A circuit that consists of the heart and blood vessels
A functional cardiovascular system is vital for supplying oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing wastes from them
Anatomy of the Heart
The heart is a hollow, cone-shaped, muscular pump within the mediastrium in the thoracic cavity
The wall of the heart is composed of 3 layers
-Epicaridum (viseral pericardium): outermost layer; a serous membrane made up of connective tissue and epithelium; decerares friction in the heart
-Myocardium: the middle layer; consists of cardiac muscle, thickest layer; pumps blood out of heart chambers
-Endocarium: inner layer; made up of connective tissue and epithelium; continuous with the endothilum of major vessels joining the heart; contains the purkinje fibers
The heart contains 4 chambers: 2 upper ones called atria and 2 lower chambers called ventricles
The intercentricular septum seperates the left and right ventricles
Both sides have and AV valve to ensure one-way blood flow
Chordae tendinae are attached to papillary muscles in the inner wall of the heart
Coronary sinus drains blood from the myocardium into the right atrium
Layers of the Heart
Pericardium: a membranous sac that encloses the heart; consists of 2 portions:
~ The outer, though, connective tissue: fibrous pericaridum
~ The inner, more delicate, double layers: serous pericardium:
-Parietal pericardium: outer layer of the serous membrane, which lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
-Pericardial cavity: the space between visceral and parietal layers, which contains serous fluid for reducing friction between the layers.
Blood Flow Through the Heart and Body
Poor oxygenated blood from the body goes into the SVC and IVC into the right atrium. Blood passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. Blood passes through pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk/arteries into the lungs. Now blood is richly oxygenated Blood goes through the pulmanary veins into the left atrium. Blood goes through Mitral/biscuspid valve into left ventricle. Blood goes trough the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta to the rest of the body.
Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types (arteries, veins,
capillaries)
Arteries are strong, elastic, vessels adapted for carrying high-blood pressure blood
Arteries usually transport blood away from the heart
Arteries become smaller as the divide and give rise to arterioles
Capillaries are blood vessels with the smallest diameter
They connect small arterioles to small venules
They consist only of a layer of endothelium through which substances are exchanged with tissue cells
Walls of veins have the same 3 layers as arteries, except that the muscle layer is thinner and they have flap-like valves to prevent back flow of blodd
Lumen of vein is larger
BP is lower in vein
Veins also function as blood reservoirs
Cardiac Cycle and EGC
Cardiac Cycle:
A specialized cardiac muscle tissue conducts impulses through the myocardium
These cells do not contract, but initiate and distribute impulse in the hear, coordinating the cardiac cycle
Synoatrial Node (SA): a self-exciting mass of specialized cardiac muscle, which serves as the pacemaker; located in the posterior right atrium; generates the impulses of the heartbeat
From the SA node, impulse spread to atrioventricular (AV) node. Passes impulses to the AV bundle, delaying the signal until atria have finished contracting; located in the interatrial septum - AV Bundle: from the AV node, impulses pass to the AV bundle and travel down the interventricular septum
Bundle branches: AV bundle divides into left and right bundle branches under the endocardium
Purkinje fibers: Bundle branches give off the purkinje fibers, which spear impulses to the ventricular wall and papillary muscles
EGC:
A recoring of the electrical changes that occur during cardiac cycle
Recording results from the summed action potentials of many cardiac muscle ells, which can be detected through electrical currents in the body fluids
P wave: the first wave, which corresponds to the depolarization of the atria; this lead to the contraction of the atria
QRS Complex:Corresponds to the depolarization of ventricles, which leads to contraction of ventricles; the repolarization of the atria occurs during the QRS complex, but is hidden behind the larger ventricular event
T wave: corresponds to ventricular repolarization, and lead to ventricular relaxation
Major Blood Vessels
Veins: Superior Vena Cava, Brachiacephalic, Internal jugularvein, Internal iliac vein, ulnar vein, Common iliac vein, femoral vein, inferior vena cava
Arteries: Subclavian, Brachial, femoral, fibular
Vital Signs
Pulse and BP are a way of determining signs of life on someone. The most common pulse points are the brachial and cervical pulses
Disorders of the cardiovascular system
Peripheral Artery Disease: Arteries narrow and reduce blood flow to extermitis
Endocarditis and Myocarditis: The inflammation of the heart
Congenital Heart Disease: Issue with heart structure and function present from birth