Cardiovascular System P.2 Josue Lopez
Major Components & Functions of Blood
ABO, Rh Blood Types
Major functions of the Cardiovascular System
Anatomy of the Heart
Layers of the Heart
Blood flow through the heart & body
Structural & functional differences between blood vessel types
Cardiac Cycle & the ECG
Major Blood Vessels
Vital Signs
Disorders of the Cardiovascular system
Epicardium: outermost layer surrounding the heart
Myocardium: second middle layer that lies between the epicardium & the endocardium, surrounds the ventricles
Endocardium: innermost layer that surrounds the heart & lines the insides of the 4 heart chambers
Myocardial Infarcation (Heart Attack): blood flow to part of the heart is blocked, causing a heart attack
Symptoms: chest pain, pain radiating to: jaw, arm, abdomen, or back, shortness of breath/sweating
Treatment Options: Nitroglycerin, thrombolytics, open heart surgery, lifestyle change
Causes/Risk Factors: blood clot, plague in coronary arteries, high blood pressure, obesity
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD): arteries narrow & reduce blood flow to extremities
Symptoms: leg/arm pain, intermittent claudication, extremity numbness/weakness
Treatment Options: medication, lifestyle changes, bypass surgery
Causes/Risk Factors: Atherosclerosis, blood vessel inflammation, limb trauma, smoking
Cerebrovascular Accident (stroke): blood flow to a portion of the brain is interrupted, resulting in a stroke
Symptoms: severe headache, change in alertness/senses, memory loss/confusion
Treatment Options: thrombolytics, blood thinners, surgery
Causes/Risk Factors: blood clot in artery to the brain, clogged arteries, anuerysm, age/race
Red Blood Cells: contain a protein called hemoglobin, which carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body
Transport
Regulation
Protection
delivering nutrients and Oxygen to body cells
transporting metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys for exretion
maintaining body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat
transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs
maintaining normal pH using buffers, alkaline reserve of bicarbonate ions
maintaining adequate fluid volume in circulatory system
preventing blood loss: plasma proteins and platelets in blood function in blood clot formation
preventing infection: agents of immunity are carried in blood (antibodies, white blood cells, etc)
Cardiac Cycle
Anterior View
Posterior view
Internal View
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Intraventricular Sulcus
Superior Vena Cava
Apex
Brachiocephalic Artery
Apex
Aorta
Base
Pulmonary Trunk
Adipose Tissue
Right Atrium
Right atrium
Right Ventricle
Coronary Sinus
Left Ventricle
Inferior Vena Cava
Interventricular Sulcus
Pulmonary Vein
Adipose Tissue
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Left Atrium
Chordae Tendinae
Bicuspid Valve
Papillary Muscle
Left Ventricle
Right Ventricle
Aortic Semilunar Valve
Tricuspid Valve
Right Atrium
Interventricular Septum
Blood Pressure: force per unit area exerted on wall of blood vessel by blood
Systolic Pressure: pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction
Diostic Pressure: lowest level of aorta pressure when heart is at rest
Measuring Blood Pressure
Steps: 1) Wrap cuff around arm superior to elbow, 2) increase pressure in cuff until it exceeds systolic pressure in the brachial artery, 3) pressure is released slowly and examiner listens to sounds of the heart using stethoscope, systolic: pressure when sounds of first occur as blood starts to spurt through artery, diastolic: pressure when sounds disappear bc artery no longer constricted: blood flowing freely
Pulse: throbbing of arteries due to difference in pressure, which can be felt under skin
taking a pulse: radial pulse (wrist), most routinely used, but there's other clinically important pulse rate
Pressure points: areas where arteries are close to body surface ;can be compressed to stop blood flow in event of hemorrhage
Arteries
Veins
Neck: Common Carotid Artery
Thoracic: braciochepalic artery, subclavian, aortic arch, ascending aorta, thoracic aorta
Upper Limbs: axillary, brachial, ulnar, radial
Lower Limbs: femoral, anterior tibial, fibular
Abdominal: abdominal aorta, common iliac artery
Neck: external/internal jugular vein
Thoracic: subclavian vein, brachiocephalic, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, axillary vein
Upper Limbs: cephalic, basilic, brachial, ulnar, radial
Abdominal: common iliac, external iliac, interal iliac
Lower Limbs: femoral, great saphenous
Lungs
Pulmonary Veins
Pulmonary Artery
Left atrium
Pulmonary Valve
Mitral/Bicuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Left Ventricle
Tricuspic Valve
Aortic Valve
Right Atrium
Aorta
Superior Vena Cava
Blood flow to rest of the body
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
carry blood to heart, not as strong or thick as arteries, contain valves, carry deoxygenated blood to heart
carry blood away from heart, doesn't require valves because the pressure from the heart is so strong that blood is only able to flow in one direction, carry oxygenated blood to all body parts
function in connecting veins with arteries have only one layer of connective tissue, gas exchange occurs here
A RhD Negative (A-)
B RhD positive (B+)
A RhD Positive (A+)
B RhD Negative (B-)
Blood Group AB-: has both A and B antigens, but no antibodies
O RhD Positive (O+)
Blood Group O: has no antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
O RhD Negative (O-)
Blood Group B: has B antigens with anti-A antibodies
AB RhD Positive (AB+)
Blood group A: has antigens with anti-B antibodies
AB RhD Negative (AB-)
Platelets: primary function is to prevent and stop bleeding; if blood vessel damaged, platelets arrive at site to clump together and form clot
White Blood Cells: help the body fight infection and other diseases; types of WBCs are nuetrophils, eosinphils, basophils, etc.
Plasma: liquid component of blood; helps body recover from injury, distrubite nutrients, remove waste, and prevent infection, while moving through circulatory system
Blood: transports oxygen and nutrients to lungs and tissues; forms blood clots to prevent excess blood loss
The performance of the human heart from the beginning of the heartbeat to the beginning of the next
Consists of two periods: one during which the heart muscle relaxes and refills with blood, called diastole, following a period of robust contraction and pumping of blood, called systole
ECG
electrocardiagram that records the electrical signal from the heart to check for different heart conditions