Cardiovascular System P.2 Josue Lopez

Major Components & Functions of Blood

ABO, Rh Blood Types

Major functions of the Cardiovascular System

Anatomy of the Heart

Layers of the Heart

Blood flow through the heart & body

Structural & functional differences between blood vessel types

Cardiac Cycle & the ECG

Major Blood Vessels

Vital Signs

Disorders of the Cardiovascular system

Epicardium: outermost layer surrounding the heart

Myocardium: second middle layer that lies between the epicardium & the endocardium, surrounds the ventricles

Endocardium: innermost layer that surrounds the heart & lines the insides of the 4 heart chambers

Myocardial Infarcation (Heart Attack): blood flow to part of the heart is blocked, causing a heart attack

Symptoms: chest pain, pain radiating to: jaw, arm, abdomen, or back, shortness of breath/sweating

Treatment Options: Nitroglycerin, thrombolytics, open heart surgery, lifestyle change

Causes/Risk Factors: blood clot, plague in coronary arteries, high blood pressure, obesity

Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD): arteries narrow & reduce blood flow to extremities

Symptoms: leg/arm pain, intermittent claudication, extremity numbness/weakness

Treatment Options: medication, lifestyle changes, bypass surgery

Causes/Risk Factors: Atherosclerosis, blood vessel inflammation, limb trauma, smoking

Cerebrovascular Accident (stroke): blood flow to a portion of the brain is interrupted, resulting in a stroke

Symptoms: severe headache, change in alertness/senses, memory loss/confusion

Treatment Options: thrombolytics, blood thinners, surgery

Causes/Risk Factors: blood clot in artery to the brain, clogged arteries, anuerysm, age/race

Red Blood Cells: contain a protein called hemoglobin, which carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body

Transport

Regulation

Protection

delivering nutrients and Oxygen to body cells

transporting metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys for exretion

maintaining body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat

transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs

maintaining normal pH using buffers, alkaline reserve of bicarbonate ions

maintaining adequate fluid volume in circulatory system

preventing blood loss: plasma proteins and platelets in blood function in blood clot formation

preventing infection: agents of immunity are carried in blood (antibodies, white blood cells, etc)

Cardiac Cycle

Anterior View

Posterior view

Internal View

Left ventricle

Right ventricle

Left atrium

Intraventricular Sulcus

Superior Vena Cava

Apex

Brachiocephalic Artery

Apex

Aorta

Base

Pulmonary Trunk

Adipose Tissue

Right Atrium

Right atrium

Right Ventricle

Coronary Sinus

Left Ventricle

Inferior Vena Cava

Interventricular Sulcus

Pulmonary Vein

Adipose Tissue

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

Left Atrium

Chordae Tendinae

Bicuspid Valve

Papillary Muscle

Left Ventricle

Right Ventricle

Aortic Semilunar Valve

Tricuspid Valve

Right Atrium

Interventricular Septum

Blood Pressure: force per unit area exerted on wall of blood vessel by blood

Systolic Pressure: pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction

Diostic Pressure: lowest level of aorta pressure when heart is at rest

Measuring Blood Pressure

Steps: 1) Wrap cuff around arm superior to elbow, 2) increase pressure in cuff until it exceeds systolic pressure in the brachial artery, 3) pressure is released slowly and examiner listens to sounds of the heart using stethoscope, systolic: pressure when sounds of first occur as blood starts to spurt through artery, diastolic: pressure when sounds disappear bc artery no longer constricted: blood flowing freely

Pulse: throbbing of arteries due to difference in pressure, which can be felt under skin

taking a pulse: radial pulse (wrist), most routinely used, but there's other clinically important pulse rate

Pressure points: areas where arteries are close to body surface ;can be compressed to stop blood flow in event of hemorrhage

Arteries

Veins

Neck: Common Carotid Artery

Thoracic: braciochepalic artery, subclavian, aortic arch, ascending aorta, thoracic aorta

Upper Limbs: axillary, brachial, ulnar, radial

Lower Limbs: femoral, anterior tibial, fibular

Abdominal: abdominal aorta, common iliac artery

Neck: external/internal jugular vein

Thoracic: subclavian vein, brachiocephalic, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, axillary vein

Upper Limbs: cephalic, basilic, brachial, ulnar, radial

Abdominal: common iliac, external iliac, interal iliac

Lower Limbs: femoral, great saphenous

Lungs

Pulmonary Veins

Pulmonary Artery

Left atrium

Pulmonary Valve

Mitral/Bicuspid Valve

Right Ventricle

Left Ventricle

Tricuspic Valve

Aortic Valve

Right Atrium

Aorta

Superior Vena Cava

Blood flow to rest of the body

Arteries

Capillaries

Veins

carry blood to heart, not as strong or thick as arteries, contain valves, carry deoxygenated blood to heart

carry blood away from heart, doesn't require valves because the pressure from the heart is so strong that blood is only able to flow in one direction, carry oxygenated blood to all body parts

function in connecting veins with arteries have only one layer of connective tissue, gas exchange occurs here

A RhD Negative (A-)

B RhD positive (B+)

A RhD Positive (A+)

B RhD Negative (B-)

Blood Group AB-: has both A and B antigens, but no antibodies

O RhD Positive (O+)

Blood Group O: has no antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

O RhD Negative (O-)

Blood Group B: has B antigens with anti-A antibodies

AB RhD Positive (AB+)

Blood group A: has antigens with anti-B antibodies

AB RhD Negative (AB-)

Platelets: primary function is to prevent and stop bleeding; if blood vessel damaged, platelets arrive at site to clump together and form clot

White Blood Cells: help the body fight infection and other diseases; types of WBCs are nuetrophils, eosinphils, basophils, etc.

Plasma: liquid component of blood; helps body recover from injury, distrubite nutrients, remove waste, and prevent infection, while moving through circulatory system

Blood: transports oxygen and nutrients to lungs and tissues; forms blood clots to prevent excess blood loss

The performance of the human heart from the beginning of the heartbeat to the beginning of the next

Consists of two periods: one during which the heart muscle relaxes and refills with blood, called diastole, following a period of robust contraction and pumping of blood, called systole

ECG

electrocardiagram that records the electrical signal from the heart to check for different heart conditions