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Elizabethans - Coggle Diagram
Elizabethans
Elizabethan Adventurers
Dr John Dee (1527 - 1609)
Mathematician, astronomist and astrologist at Elizabeth's court.
22nd of Nov 1577, he persuaded the Queen to challenge the power of Spain. He proposed a vison of a great empire and argued English explorers should set up trade routes to China and the East Indies.
He produced maps and books justifying the colonisation of North America. His knowledge of navigation gave the explorers the knowledge they needed to cross the oceans.
Francis Drake (1540 - 1596)
In 1580, he completed his circumnavigation of the globe.
He had many expeditions to the Caribbean in the 1570s plundering Spanish treasure ships. Was given the nickname 'El Draque' (the dragon).
His global voyage (1577 - 1580) took him to West Africa, Brazil and South America. He claimed what is now California, naming it 'New Albion'. He also travelled to the 'Spice Islands' which is modern day Indonesia.
Humphrey Gilbert (1539 - 1583)
He mad multiple attempts to set up a colony in North America.
In 1579, his first attempt failed. Only the ship captained by his half brother Walter Raleigh made it.
In 1583 he established Newfoundland which is now Canada. He claimed the land but failed to set up a colony due to the cold and barren environments.
He died returning to England from his new claimed land due to a violent storm that sank his ship.
Walter Raleigh (1552 - 1618)
In 1584 the Queen granted him permission to try and find gold in North America in return for 1/5 of the riches he brought home.
On a scouting voyage he located and island called Roanoke and made contact with the local people.
The Queen denied him permission to lead the expedition to Roanoke in 1585. It was instead led by his cousin Richard Grenville and military commander Ralph Lane.
Raleigh set out to find gold in the fabled city of El Dorado in 1595.
All his attempts failed and he never found any riches.
Ralph Fitch (1552 - 1618)
In 1583, Fitch left England on a journey with 4 others to the Turkey company to discuss trade with India, South East Asia and China.
They carried letters of introduction from the Queen to the Mughal and Chinese Emperors.
He reached the Portuguese trading station of Hormuz where he and the others were arrested and imprisoned as spies.
After his release he continued his travels and reached as far as the Himalayas.
He arrived back after 8 years in 1591. For most of the time he had travelled alone as his partners had been killed by the Portuguese. His accounts made it possible for people to learn more about India.
James Lancaster (1554 - 1618)
Lancaster was a merchant who travelled east in 1951. His voyage failed with one ship sinking on the way, the Portuguese preventing him from trading and only 25 men surviving when they reached England again in 1594.
On the 22nd Sep he helped found the East India Company to become a monopoly on trade in the East.
Lancaster was chosen to command the four ships that set out in 1601. It was a great success and he set up the company's first warehouse in Bantam on the island of Java.
The East India Company realised John Dee's dream of a British Empire and set about controlling India. By the 18th century it was the biggest trading company the world has ever seen until it was disbanded in 1858.
Elizabethans- The Catholic Threat
Beliefs of the opposing churches
Catholic
Prayers in latin
Belief in transubstantiation
Churches were very decorated
Emphasis on statues of the Virgin Mary and Saints
The priest interprets the Bible for people
Protestant
Priest wore simple clothes and were allowed to marry
Puritans were extreme protestants
Prayers and the bible were in English
Churches were plain and simple and focused on God and Prayer
Elizabeth's Religious Settlements
Act of Supremacy (1559)
Re-established the break with Rome and an independent Church of England
Elizabeth made sure to choose the title Supreme Governor and not Supreme Leader so as to not upset Catholics
Act of Uniformity (1559)
Going to Church was compulsory - fines were put in place for missing a church service
A new Book of Common Prayer was issued to be used in all church service
Parished had to have a copy of the Bible in English
Wording of communion services Kept Vauge to be acceptable to Catholics and Protestants
Churches allowed to keep some decorations and priests had to wear Catholic vestments
How did Elizabeth Control Catholics
Act of Persuasion (1581)
Raised fines for recusancy by 10,000% to £20 per month
Extra fine of £200 for persistent recusants
Anyone who persuaded a Protestant to become Catholic was guilty of treason and could be executed
Act Against Priests (1585)
Priests were seen as the main ring-leaders of catholic resistance
This law allowed the death penalty for anyone found to be sheltering a catholic priest
Recusancy Act (1587)
Two thirds of land owned by recusants could be taken. Even the wealthiest Catholics were forced onto debt.
Physical Suffering - Margret Clitherow (1586) and the Spanish Armada (1588)
In 1586, Margret Clitherow became the first female Catholic martyr. She was accused of sheltering priests at her home in York. She was pressed to try and find out if she was guilty but got crushed and died.
In 1588, Catholic Spain sent an Armada to invade England. Leading Catholics were arrested and 11 Catholic laymen were executed for helping priests.
Act Restraining Recusants (1593)
In 1593 the government passed the Act restraining recusants. It required Catholics over the age of 16 to stay within 5 miles of their own home and banned from holding large gatherings.
Influence of Mary Queen Of Scots
She was locked up in England in 1586
Northern Rebellion (1569)
Rebellion in North led by Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland involving Duke of Norfolk who planned to marry Mary, Queen of Scots and set her up as the heir to the throne.
Ridolfi Plot (1571)
Ridolfi was an Italian banker who passed messages to the Pope and Philip II of Spain. Mary and Duke of Norfolk wanted Pope and Spain to join forces to invade England and overthrow Elizabeth.
Throckmorton Plot (1583)
Plot planned an uprising of English Catholic nobles to free Mary, make her Queen and restore Catholicism. An invasion force, led by the French Duke of Guise, would be supported by Spain and the Pope.
Babington Plot (1586)
Babington carried secret letters for Mary. Plan was to invade England, kill Elizabeth and put Mary on the throne. The threat of invasion was very real as England was already at war with Spain. Led to Mary’s eventual execution.
She was put on trial in 1586 and tried to defend herself
She was executed in Fotheringhay Castle in Feb 1587
Elizabeth I and her treatment of Catholics
Tolerant
Act of Supremacy 1559
Elizabeth made herself the leader of the CofE but called herself Supreme Governor rather than Supreme Head to appease Catholics.
Act of Uniformity 1559
Wording of communion service was kept vague to appease Catholics.
Churches were allowed decoration and priests could wear Catholic vestments.
Elizabeth allowed people to be catholic in private
Not Tolerant
Act of Supremacy 1559
Re-established the break with Rome and independent CofE
Act of Uniformity 1559
Going to church was compulsory- fines for missing a service
New book of common prayer used in all parishes
Parishes had to have an English copy of the Bible
Act of Persuasion 1581
Raised fines for recusancy by 10,000% to £20 a month
Extra £200 for persistent recusants
Anyone found persuading protestants to be Catholic could be executed.
Act Against Priests 1585
Allowed death penalty for Catholic priests as well as anyone found helping or sheltering them.
Recusancy Act 1587
2/3 of land owned by a recusant could be taken. This forced even wealthy Catholics into debt.
Margret Clitherow 1586
First female Catholic martyr after being accused of sheltering priests in her home.
Attempted to avoid punishment by not pleading but ended up being crushed to death.
Act Restraining Recusants 1593
Act meant that all Catholics over 16 had to stay within 5 miles of their home and banned large meetings.
Daily Lives
(Particularly lives of the poor)
Life For The Poor Improved?
Agree
International poor law rate introduced in 1572 Vagabond Act
Poor who were lame or impotent were given 3 halfpence a day to stop begging
Poor Law 1601 created JoPs to collect money for the poor and Alms-houses were created to provide work and shelter.
Disagree
Injured and returning soldiers from war werent helped
Taxes were increased in late 1580s + 1590s due to war with Spain.
Harvest failures (poor harvest of 1595-97) led to increased food prices and famine
As food prices rose wages were not increased
Land owners were increasing rent to afford more expensive food.
Catholic monasteries were closed down and could no longer support the poor.
Sheep farming evolved into enclosures and rural farmers were forced into poverty.
Population increases from 3 million (1551) to 4.2 million (1601) which further increased food prices.
Cloth trade collapsed and led to mass unemployment in 1550s
Vagabonds were seen as criminals and refused help (Vagabond Act of 1572)
Over 18s could be hung for a repeat offence.
Begging was forbidden (Poor law act of 1601)
Puritans in Elizabethan Times
From the start of Elizabeth's reign there was a decrease in popular pastimes.
Puritans thought that these activities were wrong. Puritan ministers condemned them in preaching.
Puritan ministers worked together with the council, which could sometimes also be a puritan, to ban these festivals.
Why Tho
Some historians state that Puritans were simply killjoys that wanted to stop people having fun.
Others say that they wanted to live godly lives and believed that these activities were not suitable for this lifestyle.
They wanted to keep control of people as festivals were sometimes unruly and disorderly
They wanted to protect the sabbath and reserve it for rest and prayer, not dancing and drinking.
They wanted to remove any festivals that were linked to Catholic beliefs.
They wanted to remove all festivals that were linked to pagan practices
They wanted to stop the risk of unwanted pregnancies that could come about from drunken merry making
Some areas continued to have traditional festivals but by the end of the Elizabethan period very few places held parish feasts and festivals.
Elizabeth and her Parliament
Elizabeth's use and control of parliament
She ruled mostly by royal proclamation
If she wanted to change laws and raise taxes she had to get permission from the government
She could open and close parliament whenever she liked
MPs were not elected they were selected by local lords
Parliament sat for only 35 months of Elizabeth's 45 year reign
Between 1580 and 1603, she called parliament more than in previous years as she needed financial support to deal with religious opposition and wars with spain.
She could regulate and control what was discussed
Privy councillors organised what parliament discussed with the Queen.
The Queen appointed a speaker who decided on the agenda
Some topics such as religion, marriage, foreign affairs and succession where banned.
MPs would often try and criticise the Queen but were often made examples of.
1589 - MPs complained about the Queens ability to purchase supplies at low prices
Elizabeth said this did not concern MPs but she would consider their criticism
1597 - MPs complained about monopolies and the Queen ability to control them
The Queen agreed to look into it but didn't take action
1601 - Parliament complained again about monopolies, much more forcefully. There was far more opposition on this issue than any other during her reign.
Elizabeth decided to compromise and made her 'Golden Speech' to parliament flattering MPs. She cancelled some monopolies and promised to look into others.
1586 - Parliament demanded the execution of Mary Queen of Scots.
Elizabeth agreed and Mary was executed three months later.