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African / Resistance Radicalisation - Coggle Diagram
African / Resistance Radicalisation
Government Deceit
The Government resorted to devious methods to suppress protesters, arresting Philip Kgosana despite promising him immunity
Ineffectiveness of Peaceful Protest
Leaders began to realise they needed new methods, when burning passes became common it was made illegal to draw pensions without them
The final peaceful protest (31st May 1961) failed as the government mobilised police and army in advance, and was boycotted by the PAC so had little turnout
Protests had been met with increasing violence, such as the East Pondoland rebellion (1961)
Peaceful to Militant
Mandela co-founded MK (June 1961) but it lacked the capacity to challenge the government directly and committed acts of sabotage and guerilla warfare
It's campaign began in December 1961 and in the next 18 months 200 attacks took place
ARM was an armed offshoot of the Liberal party but was mostly arrested by 1964 (with lesser sentences), aside from John Harris who bombed a railway station in 1965
Poqo was the most violent and prepared to use terror and intimidation, even forming a 250 strong mob and killing two young white people
It was divided into secret cells and targeted african collaborators such as policemen and chiefs, however by 1964 it was infiltrated and plagued with infighting
Following the plans of a massacre being uncovered over 2000 supporters were arrested, after brief alliance with China and a rebranding as the Azanian People's Liberation Army it ceased to be significant
The Rivonia Trial
Known as the Black Pimpernel, he was disguised as a white chauffeur for outlawed SACP members
In 1962 he visited nearby countries and England to justify armed struggle and was charged upon his return
He was arrested in 1962 whilst travelling, Lilliesleaf farm was raided in July 1963 and 250 incriminating documents, with the trial beginning that same year
Attracting large crows, he used a 4 hour speech to justify rather than deny his offences but was sentenced to life on Robben Island
Dockworkers worldwide boycotted South African goods, Soviet and British MP's called for his release
By the early 1960's all senior PAC / ANC leaders had been arrested, activists such as Joe Slovo went into hiding and well into the 1970's there were no MK attacks
Bases were set up in Tanzania and infrastructure was expanded to fit growing cadres f ct
International Relationships
Before exile, Sisulu had met Eastern European leaders , grants of $300,000+ were given in 1963-5 and communist states such as the GDR offered military training
The OAU (1963) cooperated camps and provided military training / equipment but this didn't have a great iimpact
The ANC allied with ZAPU and fought in Rhodesia's game reserves but achieved little
ANC restructure
The Morogoro Conference (1969) drew a plan for victory, reemphasing armed struggle, setting boundaries from the SACP and reconsidering an integrationist approach
Only black africans could serve on it's highest body (National Executive Committee) however a Revolutionary Council was created to maintain military supplies from Joe Slovo
Whilst this helped satisfy multiracial members it showed little awareness of the growing Black Consciousness movement
White communists such as Joe Slovo and Chris Hani dominated military tactics