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African Nationalism - Coggle Diagram
African Nationalism
ANC
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From 1940 under Alfred Xuma they began collaborating using civil disobedience, such as a 1946 mineworkers strike 100,000 strong
It was still seen as an older, urban elite organisation by many frustrated youngsters and in 1943 Walter Sisulu founded the ANCYL seeking broader, younger support
Many members felt the ANC should only recruit african people whilst others such as Mandela and Tambo welcomed support from all sympathetic groups
Partly as a response to NP victory, basic policy had 3 aims; uniting african people as a group rather than tribes, welcoming all support and accepting their right to South Africa
This was asserted into opposing white domination in South Africa, african pride and a demand for mass and direct action
The first stage of the Defiance Campaign (1952) was 8,500 being arrested for refusing to carry passes and then nationwide strikes and protests
Whilst membership rose from 4-100,000 the majority of 8 million africans were not involved, ending in January 1953 without leaving Eastern Cape
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Womens Pass Protest
The Bantu Women's league had joined the ANC in 1918, the ANC women's league formally inaugurated in 1948
the FSAW founded in 1954 by president of the ANC Women's League protested in 1956 over women registering for and carrying passes
20,000 marched on Pretoria bearing a 100,000 strong petition but were sent away, 1000 women protested in Lichtburg and police killed two, also spreading to a few other townships
A consequence of the women's protest was radicalisation of white protest group Black Sash, who arranged bail for african women and built up a pool of friendly lawyers, and trust
Rural Resistance
Zeerust Uprising (1959) - When local chief of the area was ordered to enforce passes he refused and was dismissed, leading to protesting, mass arrests and a special police squad
East Pondoland (1960-61) - clashes by a corrupt chief led to boycotts of white owned stores , called off in 1961
Potato Boycott (1957-59) - ANC sponsored boycott on potatoes due to harsh working conditions, they rotted quickly and conditions soon improved
Rural unrest was often spontaneous, making them difficult to control and suppress, as well as building support for the PAC
PAC
Blamed ANC failure on integrationist approach, rejecting equal rights and the Freedom Charter, opposing Communism and whites
It's formation in 1959 came as no surprise, one of the founders Potlako Leballo had been expelled previously
It gained support in the Witwatersrand area, with membership exceeding the PAC by 25,000 in 1959
Freedom Charter (1955)
Following a meeting in 1954, a committee attended by 3000 representatives drew up the Freedom Charter (25th June 1955) and ratified it