Language, Cognitive Development
Early Language Development: Babies are born being able to make noise. They say their first real word until ~11-13 months, and don’t usually construct coherent sentences until age 2 or 3.
Morphemes: smallest units of language that have meaning and include words. EX: Test
Phonemes: smallest units of sound that are understood in a language. Ex: c, t, th
Piaget's theory: how children learn and develop their thinking skills
Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years): More logic, understand conversation
Formal Operational Stage (11+ years): Adolescents can think abstractly and hypothetically
Preoperational Stage (2-7 years): Use words & images to represent objects, but struggle with logical reasoning
Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years): Object permanence (know the object is there even if they can see)
Freud's stages
Latency (7-13)
Genital (Puberty-death)
Phallic (3-6)
Anal (1-3)
Oral (0-1)
Erikson's outcomes
Will ((2-3)
Purpose (3-5)
Hope (0-1.5)
Confidence/Fidelity (6-18)
Fidelity, Love, Care, & Wisdom (19-death)
Crying
Low-Pitched rhythmic cry (Hunger or discomfort)
Less regular cry (Anger or frustration)
Loud high-pitched cry followed by silence due breath holding (signals pain)
Language Milestones
Cooing (6-8 weeks) repeating vowel sounds. Ex: ooo, aaeeeooo.
Babbling (3-6 months). Ex: ba, goo.
Echolalia (9 months). repeating words without understanding meaning. With meaning starts (10-15 months) Mommy, cup, up, go.
Holophrastic speech (12-15 months), using single word to express entire thought. EX: Juice (I want juice or finished my juice)
Telegraphic speech (18-24 months), two content words (nouns, verbs, adjectives) Ex: Want juice, doggie gone, good boy.
Overextension (doggie refer to all furry, four-legged animal. Undertesting (doggie refer to only family pet). Overregularization (plurals and past tense mistake, foots instead of feet, telled instead of told)