Language, Cognitive Development

Early Language Development: Babies are born being able to make noise. They say their first real word until ~11-13 months, and don’t usually construct coherent sentences until age 2 or 3.

Morphemes: smallest units of language that have meaning and include words. EX: Test

Phonemes: smallest units of sound that are understood in a language. Ex: c, t, th

Piaget's theory: how children learn and develop their thinking skills

Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years): More logic, understand conversation

Formal Operational Stage (11+ years): Adolescents can think abstractly and hypothetically

Preoperational Stage (2-7 years): Use words & images to represent objects, but struggle with logical reasoning

Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years): Object permanence (know the object is there even if they can see)

Freud's stages

Latency (7-13)

Genital (Puberty-death)

Phallic (3-6)

Anal (1-3)

Oral (0-1)

Erikson's outcomes

Will ((2-3)

Purpose (3-5)

Hope (0-1.5)

Confidence/Fidelity (6-18)

Fidelity, Love, Care, & Wisdom (19-death)

Crying

Low-Pitched rhythmic cry (Hunger or discomfort)

Less regular cry (Anger or frustration)

Loud high-pitched cry followed by silence due breath holding (signals pain)

Language Milestones

Cooing (6-8 weeks) repeating vowel sounds. Ex: ooo, aaeeeooo.

Babbling (3-6 months). Ex: ba, goo.

Echolalia (9 months). repeating words without understanding meaning. With meaning starts (10-15 months) Mommy, cup, up, go.

Holophrastic speech (12-15 months), using single word to express entire thought. EX: Juice (I want juice or finished my juice)

Telegraphic speech (18-24 months), two content words (nouns, verbs, adjectives) Ex: Want juice, doggie gone, good boy.

Overextension (doggie refer to all furry, four-legged animal. Undertesting (doggie refer to only family pet). Overregularization (plurals and past tense mistake, foots instead of feet, telled instead of told)