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lecture 3 - Coggle Diagram
lecture 3
nucleophiles
an electron rich species which is able to donate an electron pair. eg through containing a lone pair of electrons, negatively charged dipole or anion
nucleophiles donate a pair of electrons from their highest energy occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) forming a new bond.
anions- contain a lone pair of electrons. HOMO is a sp3 hybridied filled non-bonding orbital eg a hydroxyl group.
neutral species containing a lone pair of electrons. HOMO is usually sp3 hybridised and filled lone pair of electron in non-bonding sp3 orbital
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identifying nucleophiles: ANPS (anion, neutral species, pi and sigma)
electrophiles
an electron poor species which can accept a pair of electrons into its lowest energy unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) to form a new bond eg positively charged dipole or a cation
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breaking sigma bond where carbon is attached to a more electronegative heteroatom. LUMO is the empty sigma anti bonding molecular orbital.
identifying electrophiles phernonic: NPPS (neutral, positively charged, pi bond, sigma bond)
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