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Making Of America - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Brigham Young took over from Smith and decided the Mormons needed a place of their own. They travelled for 111 days and finally reached Salt Lake, creating Salt Lake City in late July.
  - - - Impacts
        
        Many people made little to no profit.
        
        California was able to become a state by 1850.
        
        Cities like San Fran grew to a population of 34,000.
        
        Cost of basic items to start panning (pan, pick, tent, blanket and food) could cost over $100.
        
        Land
        
        When big businesses arrived, they destroyed the land with heavy machinery and clogged waterways with gravel.
  - - - The journey was made easier by a new railway to St Joseph. From there it was only 600 miles to Pikes Peak Gold Fields.
      - Many people established farms around the gold fields to provide food to the miners.
      - Kansas became a state in 1861 and Pikes Peak was within the new state of Colorado.
      - Indigenous Peoples
        
        Land in the area was occupied by the Cheyenne tribe and the Fort Laramie Treaty (1851) established trad routes across their land.
- - - - Pullman Railroad company cut the wages of its workers. 260,000 workers went on strike but in July 1893, the president sent in troops to stop the strike. 26 workers were shot.
    - - South still produced more cotton than the North and workers were paid very low wages
    - - American Tobacco Company controlled 90% of cigarette production. Jobs were under paid and low skill
    - - Huge 'Bonanza Farms' appeared on the plains with an average size of 10,000 acres. Paid low wages and squeezed smaller farms.
    - - Many white Americans made fortunes. Andrew Carnegie was a billionaire by 1901 from the steel industry
    - - Huge corporations controlled by a president and a board of shareholders. Paid low wages and dominated industries.
- - - - Cow towns were small towns that provided the basic needs of cattle ranchers such as: food, bed, ale, etc. Many people saw opportunity in running businesses in the cow towns so moved onto the plains to do so.
- - - - Anti slavery.
      - Some believed that black people deserved to have rights.
      - Many northern business men believed that slavery gave the south an unfair advantage.
      - Northern Preachers believed that God made all men equally.
      - Northern Politicians felt the north had an unfair political advantage due to their higher population as a slave was considered as 3/5 of a person.
    - - Pro slavery.
      - Strongly believed that black Americans were an inferior race.
      - Used slavery for many businesses but primarily the cotton industry.
      - Conditions for slaves began to worsen with inventions such as the cotton gin (1793) speeding up production.
  - - - Although many people saw indigenous peoples as equal, they saw their society and inferior.
        
        In the 1790s, the US government attempted to civilise the tribes. They opened schools and churches, etc. This is called assimilation.
      - Many white Americans began to settle on indigenous land. While many were nice to them, they stole their tribal lands.
      - In 1814, a white army led by Andrew Jackson (a Tennessee slave holder) attacked and defeated the Creeks. They were forced to sign over 23 million acres of land.
      - The 1830 Indian Removal Act pressured tribes into signing a treaty. The Choctaws, Chickasaws and Creeks agreed and were forced to move west.
      - The Trail of Tears (1838). US army forced 18,000 Cherokee people to march West. Over 4000 died to cold/hunger/disease.
  - - - 1803 there was a successful slave revolt on a French owned Caribbean Island.
      - January 1811, New Orleans slave Charles Deslondes organised a revolt in the south. He was killed.
        
        This proved the norths point that violence was heavily relied on to keep slaves in line.
- - - - 31st Jan Amendment to US constitution bans slavery.
      - Lincoln assassinated on 15th April 1865
      - Andrew Jackson becomes president and gave land back to southerners and pardoned 15,000 confederate soldiers
      - December, Black codes passed to limit Black Peoples rights and plantations re-opened
    - - A group of republicans begin to pass laws to bring about reconstruction.
      - March 1866, Law passed preventing any state taking away civil rights
      - June 1866, 14th Amendment allows anyone of any race born in USA to be a citizen.
      - Nov 1866, Republicans win Congressional Elections
      - Jan 1867, Black men in Washington DC given the right to vote
      - March-July 1877, reconstruction acts passed
        
        Took away power of Southern Governments
        
        Put US army in charge of the South
        
        Banned anyone who fought for South in war from voting
        
        Told army to protect Blacks rights
        
        Ordered southern states to give black people the vote.
      - Jul 1868, 14th Amendment becomes a law
      - Feb 1869, 15th Amendment accepted, all male citizens of USA have right to vote.
      - 1870s, 2000 Black Americans elected to political posts.
    - - 1873, Supreme court said states didn't have to treat people equally. Led to separate parks, schools and restaurants for whites and blacks.
      - Jan 1875, Democrats dominate new congress and stop helping formerly enslaved peoples.
      - 1877, Government withdrew troops from the south removing protection for black people.