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leadership - Coggle Diagram
leadership
what is it?
process whereby one individual influences other group members toward the attainment of defined group or organisational goals
big critique is that leadership resides in one person, which is wrong its a process
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traditional approaches
grandiose man wording as it was a mans world up until 1930's, then after world wars there was a breakdown of class barriers so there was a change from trait to style then contingency is a mix of both trait and style + environment
trait approaches
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leaders are born, they have certain stable characteristics
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evidence
intelligence or GMA = most important factor (stodgill, 1948)
traits: intelligence, dominance, masculinity and adjustment desirable however, in context of time of this research sample selection would have been biased (lord et al., 1986)
leadership and own job performance r = .69 (beruta et al., 2005)
leader effectiveness rated by team r = .27 (judge, 2004)
plateau for intelligence around 120-130 suggesting there is something differential in brain development, employees may feel an inability to relate to the person or have requisite knowledge to understand them (antonakis et al., 2017)
personality
judge et al. (2002)
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literature before was really measing the traits that got them to be a leader not what makes them a leader
trait perspective tells us that with 100 years of research there are only 3 traits that predict job performance
extraversion, openness and conscientiousness most strongly implicated
implications
traits are correlated with performance because they shape behaviour etc so therefore you can train people to become better leadders
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its not on and off, you're more likely to be C more often than others
style approaches
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leadership is about behaviour, what do good leaders do?
lewin et al. (1939)
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autocratic
directive, sometimes coercive
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democratic
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employee oriented: leader demonstrates trust in e's, respect their ideas and shows consideration for their feelings
effects of leader style (judge et al., 2004)
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ideally, you would want a manager to have both styles in balance
evaluation
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still fairly simplistic doesn't account for all situations and all followers (individual diff of e's)
contingency approaches
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leadership is affected by context - under a given condition what kind of leader or leadership style will be effective?
leader/leadership behaviour is based on contingencies: organisational context, task context, follower context with focus on leader effectiveness and context
situational leadership theory (hersey & blanchard, 1969)
leaders are effective when they select the right style for the readiness of their followers and should adjust style accordingly
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evaluation
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suggests leadership style needs to be dynamic to adapt to meet changing needs of employees and situation
newer approaches
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leader member exhange
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high quality LMX is defined by trust, mutual respect and felt obligations
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effects of good LMX (martin et al., 2016)
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destructive leadership
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leader dark traits
leader psychopathy and narcissism are related to decreased job satisfaction, psychological wellbeing, employee career success and increased CWB
strong correlation between dark traits and bullying r = .64 and moderate but significant correlation between bullying and depression r = .47
hogan development survey
we all have potential derailers and under pressure, we can all act poorly
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leadership vs management (vroom & jago, 1988)
good managers have management and leadership skills which they can swap between depending on the situation
leaders = interpersonal, getting people to want to go places
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