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Central Nervous System I (General) - Coggle Diagram
Central Nervous System I (General)
Anatomy and Physiology
Cerebrum
Frontal Lobe
: voluntary movement, expressive language and for managing higher level executive functions
Precentral Gyrus and Primary Motor Cortex
: control of voluntary motor movement
Occipital Lobe and Primary Visual Cortex
: visuospatial processing, distance and depth perception, color determination, object and face recognition, and memory formation.
Postcentral Gyrus and Primary Sensory Cortex
: main sensory receptive area for the sense of touch
Temporal Lobe
: Pain and Auditory stimuli
Primary Auditory Cortex
: processes auditory information
Pariental Lobe
: Sensory - Cold, Pain, Heat, Touch, Pressure
Basal Ganglia
: motor learning, executive functions and behaviors, and emotions.
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Relay motor and all sensories excepts smell
regulates sleep, alertness, and wakefulness
Hypothalamus
manage your body temperature, hunger and thirst, mood, sex drive, blood pressure and sleep
keep the body in homeostasis (balance internal state)
regulates hormons
Brain Stem
Pons
: regulates the signals - sensation of pain below neck
Medulla Oblongata
: helps control vital processes like your heartbeat, ventilation and blood pressure
Midbrain
Tectum
: controls eye movements, approach, and avoidance movements
Tegmentum
: arousal, consciousness, sleep-wake cycles, coordination of certain movements, and cardiovascular control
Cerebellum
: balance (coordination) and movement of muscle
Spinal Cord
Grey Matter
Large number of neurons
process information and release new information
control movement, memory, and emotions
White Matter
Help person to master mental and social skills
ability to focus and learn, solve problems, and stay balanced when walking
conduct, process, and send nerve signals up and down the spinal cord
Common Symptoms
Seizures
abnormal electricity conduction in the cerebral
producing LoC, :arrow_down: awareness, involuntary muscle movement
Types
Generalized
absence
(
Petit-mal
): abnormal electrical activity causing a seizure begins in both halves (hemispheres) of the brain at the same time
Tonic-Clonic
(
Grand mal
)
Clonic
: clonic muscle contractions
Tonic
: Muscles in the body become stiff
Atonic
(
Drop attack
): Muscles in the body relax
Myoclonic
: Short jerking in parts of the body
Wide spread bilateral cortical connection
Focal
happens in a certain part of the cerebral
exp: involuntary muscle movement of hand & arm
nerve cells in the brain send out sudden, excessive, uncontrolled electrical signals
Dizziness/Syncope
Vertigo
: environment is spinning/moving
Tinnitus
: "hearing" noises in your ears
Loss of consciousness
actual loss of consciousness
dimming of vision
AKA black out
:arrow_down: awareness of the environment
Numbness
coolness
pain
"pins-and-needles" sensation
clumsiness
due to arterial insufficient supply
Headache
Tension (due to vascular)
Muscle Contraction (Due to the muscle spasm)
Migraine (due to aura)
Dementia
Alzheimer's disease
Parkinson's disease
Progressive impairment of orientation, memory, judgement
Metabolic disorder
Vascular disease
Tumor
Infection: AIDS, Syphilis
Weakness
Face droop :arrow_right: stroke
Distal leg motor weakness: foot-droop
Distal arm motor weakness
Proximal leg motor weakness
Proximal arm motor weakness
Tremor
oscillation of
10-12 cycles per second
Parkinson's disease
rhythmic motion of the distal parts of the
limbs or head
Mental State
Orientation
: impairment of memory and attention span.
Memory
: adequate processing of input,
followed by registration and then proper recall.
Speech
Dysarthria
: defects of
articulation of speech
Bulbar dysarthria
Pseudobulbar dysarthria
Cortical dysarthria
Cerebellar dysarthria
Aphasia
: disturbance of the language's structure
Broca's aphasia
: the output of spontaneous speech
Wernicke's aphasia
: impaired language comprehension
Global aphasia
:
Judgement
: Interpretation
Mood
: Euphoria/Depression
Physical Examination
Motor Testing
Upper Extremities
Test Arm Abduction
: axillary from roots C5 to C6
Test Forearm Flexion
: musculocutaneous from roots C5 to C6
Test Forearm Extension
: radial from roots C6 to C8
Test Wrist Extension
: radial form roots C6 to C8
Test Wrist Flexion
: median from roots C6 to C7
Test Finger Abduction
: ulnar from roots C8 to T1
Test Finger Adduction
: median from C6 to T1
Test Thumb Adduction
: median from C8 to T1
Lower Extremities
Test Hip Adduction
: obturator from L2 to L4
Test Hip Abduction
: superior gluteal from L4 to S1
Test Knee Flexion
: sciatic from L4 to S1
Test Knee Extension
: femoral from L2 to L4
Test Ankle Dorsiflexion
: deep peroneal from L4 to L5
Test Ankle Plantar Flexion
: tibial from L5 to S2
Test Great Toe Dorsiflexion
: deep peroneal from L4 to S1
Test Great Toe Plantar Flexion
: posterior tibial from L5 to S2
Gait
Stance exam: standing with eyes close
Gait exam: walking with eyes close
Cranial Nerves
Vestibulo-Cochlear (VIII)
: hearing, balance, and
awareness of position - Rinne's test & Weber's test
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
: sensation to the pharynx and tongue - gag reflex
Facial (VII)
: facial
muscles
Vagus (X)
: motor fibres to the pharynx and
larynx - dysphonia, dysarthria
Trigeminal (V)
: Ophthalmic, Maxillary, Mandibular
Spinal Accessory (XI)
: sternocledomastoid and trapezius
muscles
Oculumotor (III)
,
Trochlear (IV)
,
Abducen (VI)
: controlling pupillary constriction, eyeball movement
Hypoglossal (XII)
: protrude the muscle tongue
Optic (II)
: visual acuity & visual field - scotoma, Hemianopsia, Quadrantanopsia
Olfactory (I)
: sense of smell - Hyposemia/Anosemia
Coordination: cerebellar test
Heel to chin test
Rapid alternating movement - Dysdiadochokinesia
Finger to nose test - dyssynergia
Reflexes
Deep tendon
Brachioradialis
Patellar
Triceps
Achilles
Biceps
Superficial
Abdomen
Cresmasteric
Sensory
Pain sensation
Preprioception
Light Touch
Meninges sign
Kernig's sign - leg lift up
Babinski's sign - plantar: Clonus, Spasticity, Hyperreflexia
Neck Stiffness + Brudzinski
Asterixis - wrist dorsiflex
Important
Compare both sides of extremities
Examine from distal to proximal
